Tree fork

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A tree fork is a bifurcation in a tree trunk that gives rise to two equal-diameter branches. This fork is a common feature of tree crowns. The wood grain orientation at the top of the tree fork is such that wooden cells lock each other to provide sufficient mechanical support. A common "malformation" of a tree fork is where bark forms in the junction, often caused by natural buffers occurring higher in the crown of the tree, and joints including bark often have a high risk of failure, especially when strengthening the twigs trimmed or shaded from the tree canopy.

Video Tree fork

Definisi garpu pohon

In arboriculture, intersections in tree canopy structures are often categorized as branch-to-rod or co-dominant bonds. Co-dominant trunks are where two or more branches arising from the intersection are nearly the same diameter and the type of intersection in the tree is often referred to in layman's terms as a 'tree fork'.

There is really no hard botanical division between these two cross-sectional forms: they are both topologically equivalent, and from the outward appearance it is only a matter of the ratio of the diameters between the joined branches that separate the tree forks from the branches. to-stem junction. However, when a small branch joins the tree trunk there is a knot that can be found to be inserted into the tree trunk, which is the initial foundation of the smaller branch. This is not the case in the tree fork, because each branch is approximately equal in size and there is no substantial network of branches embedded into the other, so there is no amplifier node to supply mechanical forces to the junction that would be required to hold its branches higher.

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Anatomy and morphology of tree anatomy

Research has shown that the unique wood fiber pattern at the top of a fork in the hazel tree ( Corylus avellana L.) acts to unite the branches in this species, and this may occur in most other woods. plants and trees. This is an example of a 'trade-off' in xylem, where mechanical strength to the junction of a tree is obtained at the expense of efficiency in the conductance of the tree sap. The complex interlocking wood fiber patterns developed in tree forks present a great opportunity for biomimicry (mimicking the natural biological structures in materials man-made) in fibrous material, where the production of Y-shaped or T-shaped components is required: especially in components that may need to act as conduits for fluids as well as being mechanically robust..

The morphology of tree forks has been shown to change with the angle of the fork from the vertical axis. When the fork becomes more oblique than the vertical, the branches become more elliptical in the cross section, to adapt to additional lateral loading on them, and Buckley, Slater and Ennos (2015) show that this adaptation produces a stronger fork when the fork is more inclined stay away from the vertical.

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Inclusion and bar fork strength

Where the intersections are formed in trees and bark inserted into the join, this is referred to as 'including bark junction' or 'bark inclusion'. A common cause of bark inserted into the intersection is that the intersection is sustained by the touch of branches or stems arranged above the intersection (in arboriculture, this branch interaction is called 'natural braces'). Such stem connections are substantially weaker in strength than normal tree forks, and can be a significant hazard in trees, especially when the bresing branches are sown out or trimmed out of the tree. Studies have shown that in hazel trees, the more stem barks that are included in the growth of new wood, the stronger the intersection will be, with the weakest fork are those with large amounts of skin that are not covered at their peaks. A common tree-care practice is to prune such forked forks at an early stage of tree development, to hold two branches arising over such connections so that they can not be split (using flexible clamps) or to reduce the length of the more branches small arising, so it is subordinated to a larger branch. Care must be taken not to trim the set of 'natural buffer' on a weak tree fork in a mature tree unless it is absolutely necessary.

The normally forked tree strength can be judged by its shape: the more U-shaped is usually much stronger than the V-shaped at its peak. This characteristic, and the presence of bark included in tree forks, is an important attribute for tree surveyors and tree contractors to note to assess whether tree forks are defective in tree structure.

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See also

• Arborician
• Biomimicry
• The branch attachment
• Collar Branch

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References

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External links

Template: Commonscatinine

• International Arboriculture Society
• Association of Arboriculture, UK.
• Hazards from Trees, Forestry Commission, U.K.

Source of the article : Wikipedia