Clenbuterol , marketed as Dilaterol , Spiropent , Ventipulmin , is a sympathomimetic amine used by respiratory disorders as decongestants and bronchodilator. People with chronic respiratory disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier. It is most often available as a hydrochloride salt, clenbuterol hydrochloride.
Video Clenbuterol
Efek dan dosis
Clenbuterol is an agonist? 2 with some structural and pharmacological similarities to epinephrine and salbutamol, but the effect is stronger and more durable as a stimulant and thermogenic drug. This leads to an increase in aerobic capacity, central nervous system stimulation, blood pressure, and oxygen transport. This increases the rate at which body fat is metabolized while increasing the body's basal metabolic rate (BMR). It is commonly used for smooth muscle-relaxation such as bronchodilators and tocolytics.
Clenbuterol is also prescribed for horse care, but the use of horses is usually a liquid form.
Maps Clenbuterol
Human use
Clenbuterol is approved for use in some countries, free or via prescription, as a bronchodilator for asthma patients.
Legal status
United States
Clenbuterol is not a therapeutic drug substance approved by the Food and Drug Administration and is now prohibited for IOC-tested athletes. In the US, clenbuterol administration to any animal that can be used as food for human consumption is prohibited by the FDA.
Weight-loss drugs
Although often used by bodybuilders during their "cutting" cycle, the drug has recently been recognized by the mainstream, mainly through published stories about the use of celebrities such as Victoria Beckham, Britney Spears, and Lindsay Lohan, for off-label use as a weight-loss drug similar to the use of other sympathomimetic amines such as ephedrine, despite the lack of good clinical testing supporting or excluding such use.
Important case of use as a performance enhancer
As sympathomimetic 2 , clenbuterol has also been used as a performance enhancing drug.
The three-year suspension to take clenbuterol kept running Katrin Krabbe from competing in the 1992 Summer Olympics, and effectively ended her athletic career.
In 2006, San Francisco Giants pitcher Guillermo Mota, while a member of the New York Mets, received a 50-match suspension after testing positive for clenbuterol. In 2012, MLB officials announced that they again suspended Mota for 100 matches due to a positive test for clenbuterol.
American Jessica Hardy was tested positive in a US trial in 2008. She suffered a one-year suspension after claiming she unconsciously used the drug in a contaminated food supplement. Former New York Mets clubhouse employee Kirk Radomski admitted in his defense agreement to distribute clenbuterol to dozens of former Baseball League players and associates. After finishing fourth in the 1000-m K-2 event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Polish sprint canoer Adam Seroczy? Ski was disqualified for taking this drug, and Chinese cyclist Li Fuyu tested positive for it at the door of Dwars Vlaanderen race in Belgium on 24 March 2010.
In 2010, the St Louis Cardinals minor-league shortstop Lainer Bueno received a 50-game suspension for the 2011 season as a result of positive testing for clenbuterol.
Cyclist Alberto Contador of Spain was banned for two years from professional cycling after testing positive for the drug in the 2010 Tour de France. He was then stripped of the 2010 title of the Tour de France and the 2011 title of Giro d'Italia. CAS found that Contador may prove positive because of contaminated food supplements. In 2013, teammate Contador in the Saxo Bank Squad team, Michael Rogers, tested positive using clenbuterol in Japan Cup bike race. In April 2014 Union Cycliste Internationale announced that they accepted Rogers's explanation that the substance had been ingested by him after consuming contaminated meat while competing in the 2013 Tour of Beijing, upholding Rogers' disqualification from the Japanese Cup but refusing to impose further sanctions. on him.
In 2011, players from Mexico's national football team were found with clenbuterol in their bloodstream, but were released by WADA after they claimed clenbuterol originated from contaminated food. FIFA also claimed 109 players from different countries participating in the U-17 World Cup in Mexico tested positive for this drug. However, FIFA and the World Anti-Doping Agency refused to prosecute any case because heavy evidence suggests contamination of Mexican meat.
In 2013, Mexican boxer Erik Morales was suspended for two years after testing positive for clenbuterol.
In 2014, Toronto Maple Leafs Forward Carter Ashton was suspended from NHL for 20 unpaid games for violating the NHL/NHL Association Association's Upgrade Performance Program after it was determined that he had consumed Clenbuterol. Carter claims he used an unregistered asthma inhaler.
In 2014, South Korean swimmer Kim Ji-heun has tested positive for clenbuterol on an out-of-competition test on May 13, 2014. After completing the process by the Korean Anti-Doping Discipline Panel, Kim receives a two-year suspension, the date back to her positive test day.
In 2014, Czech body builder Petr Soukup receives a lifetime ban after positive tests for clenbuterol, methenolone, mesterolon, methamphetamine, oxandrolone, stanozolol, nandrolon, fluoxymesterone, DHCMtestosterone and metandienone.
By 2015, the small Yankees throw a league prospect Moises Cedeno tested positive for clenbuterol and suspended for 72 games.
By 2015, two players from Collingwood Football Club in Australia are expelled from the club and receive a 2-year ban from all sports in Australia after being tested positive with substance, which they believe may be in the contaminated drugs they consume.
In 2016, Australian heavyweight champion, Lucas Browne, tested positive for clenbuterol.
In 2016, Raul A. Mondesi tested positive for clenbuterol and suspended 50 matches from Northwest Arkansas Naturals. MLB and MLBPA agreed to reduce the suspension from 80 games to 50 games after Mondesi claimed it was found in the flu drug.
In 2016, the California State Athletics Commission decided to issue Francisco boxing temporary boxing license on a trial basis after he tested positive for clenbuterol.
In 2018, British Olympic sprinter Nigel Levine was suspended for failing a drug test
In March 2018, boxing champion Canelo Alvarez tested positive for clenbuterol on 2 successive urine tests in February 2018. This violation led to the highly anticipated cancelation of a rematch between Alvarez and Gennady Golovkin, to be held on 5 May 2018. Alvarez blamed the positive test on the consumption of contaminated meat from Mexico. In particular, some Mexican beef farmers are known to add clenbuterol to cow feed.
Side effects and danger
Clenbuterol can cause these side effects:
- Nervous
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Tachycardia
- Subaortic stenosis
- High blood pressure
Overdose
Excessive use of the recommended dose of about 120 ? g can cause muscle tremors, headaches, dizziness, and gastric irritation. People who self-regulate drugs to lose weight or to improve athletic performance have experienced nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, palpitations, tachycardia, and myocardial infarction. Drug use can be confirmed by detecting its presence in semen or urine.
Food contamination
Clenbuterol is sometimes referred to as a "bute" and is at risk of confusion with phenylbutazone, also called "bute". Phenylbutazone, which is a drug also used with horses, was tested in a European meat falsification scandal in 2013.
Aimed at producing leaner meat with a higher muscle-to-fat ratio, clenbuterol use has been banned in meat since 1991 in the United States and since 1996 in the European Union. The drug is prohibited because of health concerns about symptoms recorded in the consumer. These include increased heart rate, muscle tremor, headache, nausea, fever, and chills. In some cases in Europe, these adverse symptoms are temporary.
Clenbuterol is a growth-promoting drug inside? class compound agonist. It is not allowed to be used in China or the United States or the EU for animals that produce food, but some countries have agreed to animals that are not used for food, and some countries have agreed to therapeutic use in animals that produce food.
Not only are athletes affected by contamination. In Portugal, 50 people were reported to have been affected by clenbuterol in liver and pigs between 1998 and 2002, while in 1990, cow liver was suspected to cause clenbuterol poisoning in 22 people in France and 135 in Spain.
In September 2006, about 330 people in Shanghai suffered from food poisoning after eating pork contaminated with clenbuterol.
In February 2009, at least 70 people in one Chinese province (Guangdong) suffered from food poisoning after eating pig organs believed to contain clenbuterol residues. The victims complained of abdominal pain and diarrhea after eating pork organs purchased in the local market.
In March 2011, China's Ministry of Agriculture said the government would launch a one-year suppression of illegal additives in pig feed, after the Shuanghui Group subsidiary, China's largest meat producer, was exposed for using clenbuterol-contaminated pork in its meat products. A total of 72 people in central Henan Province, where Shuanghui-based, were taken into police custody for allegedly producing, selling or using clenbuterol. The situation has increased dramatically in China since September 2011, when the clenbuterol ban was announced by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.
Authorities around the world appear to be issuing more stringent food safety requirements, such as the Food Security Modernization Act in the United States, revisions to their import regulations in Canada, China's new food law issued since 2009, a new food law in Africa South, and many others around the world changes and restrictions.
Veterinary use
The US and EU prohibit the use of clenbuterol in animals that produce food. However, for the treatment of allergic respiratory diseases in horses, as it is a bronchodilator. It can be used either orally or intravenously. It is also used in cows to relax the uterus in cows, usually at birth.
See also
- Mabuterol (the same structure as clenbuterol but one of the chloro groups has been converted into a trifluoromethyl group instead).
- Cimaterol
References
External links
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Charles F. Kearns; Kenneth H. McKeever; Karyn Malinowski; Maggie B. Struck; Takashi Abe (2001). "Chronically administered therapeutic clenbuterol acts as a repartitioning agent". J Appl Physiol . 91 (5): 2064-2070. PMID 11641345.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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