An aquarium is a vivarium of any size that has at least one transparent side where the plants or aquatic animals are stored and is displayed. Fishkeepers use aquariums to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, water reptiles such as turtles, and aquatic plants. The term "aquarium", created by the English naturalist Philip Henry Gosse, combines Latin roots aqua , which means water, with the suffix -arium , meaning "place to relate to". The aquarium principle was fully developed in 1850 by chemist Robert Warington, who explains that plants added to water in a container will release enough oxygen to support the animal, provided the number of animals does not grow too large. The madness of the aquarium was launched in the early Victorian England by Gosse, who created and stored the first public aquarium at the London Zoo in 1853, and published the first manual, The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of Deep Sea in 1854. is a water tank where fish swim. Small aquariums are kept at home by the fans. There is a larger public aquarium in many cities. This type of aquarium is a building with fish and other aquatic animals in large tanks. Large aquariums may have beavers, turtles, dolphins, and other marine animals. Most aquarium tanks also have plants.
An aquarist has a fish or aquarium, usually made of high-strength glass or acrylic. Aquarium-shaped cubes are also known as fish tanks or just tanks, while a bowl-shaped aquarium is also known as a fish bowl . Sizes can range from small glass bowls, under a gallon in volume, to a huge public aquarium with several thousand gallons. Special equipment maintains appropriate water quality and other characteristics suitable for aquarium occupants.
Video Aquarium
Histori dan popularisasi
Antiquity
In the Roman Empire, the first fish brought into the house was a sea barbell, which was kept under a guest bed in a small tank made of marble. The introduction of glass panels around 50 AD enabled the Romans to replace one wall of marble tank, increasing their view of the fish. In 1369, Hongwu Emperor of China established a porcelain company that produces a large porcelain tub for the maintenance of goldfish; Over time, people produce tubs that approach the shape of a modern fish bowl. Leonhard Baldner, who wrote Vogel-, Fischer und Tierbuch (Bird, Fish, and Animal Book) in 1666, maintains loaches and weather lizards.
nineteenth century
In 1832, Jeanne Villepreux-Power, a pioneering French marine biologist, became the first person to create an aquarium to experiment with aquatic organisms. In 1836, shortly after his discovery of the Wardian case, Dr. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward proposes to use his tanks for tropical animals. In 1841 he did so, though only with water plants and toy fish. However, he soon became a native animal. In 1838, FÃÆ' Â © lix Dujardin noted having a saltwater aquarium, though he did not use that term. In 1846, Anne Thynne nursed rock and seaweed for almost three years, and is credited as the creator of the first balanced marine aquarium in London. The British chemist Robert Warington experimented with a 13-gallon container, containing goldfish, eelgrass, and snails, creating one of the first stable aquariums. The aquarium principle is fully developed by Warington, explaining that plants added to water in a container will release enough oxygen to support the animal, provided the amount does not increase too large. He published his findings in 1850 in the journal Chemical Society.
Keeping fish in aquariums becomes a popular hobby and spreads quickly. In the United Kingdom, it became popular after an ornamental aquarium in a cast iron frame featured at the Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1853, the aquarium madness was launched in England by Philip Henry Gosse who created and kept the first public aquarium in London. The zoo was later known as the Fish House. Gosse coined the word "aquarium", choosing this term (not "aquatic vivarium" or "aqua-vivarium") in 1854 in his book The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea. In this book, Gosse mainly deals with saltwater aquariums. In the 1850s, aquariums became a trend in the United Kingdom. Tank designs and techniques for maintaining water quality were developed by Warington, then working with Gosse until his critical review of the tank water composition. Edward Edwards developed these glass-based aquariums in his 1858 patent for a "water-back-slope tank of dark spaces", with water slowly circulating into the reservoir underneath.
Germany soon rivals England for their interests. In 1854, an anonymous author had two articles published about a saltwater aquarium of England: Die Gartenlaube (Garden House) titled Der Ocean auf dem Tische (Ocean at the table). However, in 1856, Der See im Glase (Lake in Glass) was published, discussing a freshwater aquarium, which is much easier to maintain in landlocked areas. In 1862 William Alford Lloyd, then bankrupt due to the madness in England that ended, moved to Grindel Dammthor, Hamburg, to oversee the installation of circulatory systems and tanks at the Aquarium of Hamburg. During the 1870s, some of the first aquarious societies appeared in Germany. The United States soon followed. Published in 1858, Henry D. Butler's The Family Aquarium is one of the first books written in the United States just about the aquarium. According to the July edition of The North American Review in the same year, William Stimson may have had some first functional aquariums, and have as many as seven or eight. The first aquatic society in the United States was founded in New York City in 1893, followed by another. The New York Aquarium Journal , first published in October 1876, is considered the world's first aquarium magazine.
In the Victorian era in England, the general design for a home aquarium is a windshield with another side made of wood (made up of waterproof with pitch lining). The underside will be made of slate and heated from below. A more sophisticated system soon began to be introduced, along with a glass tank in a metal frame. During the second half of the 19th century, various aquarium designs were explored, such as hanging aquariums on the walls, installing them as part of windows, or even combining them with birdcages.
20th century
Around 1908, the first mechanical aquarium air pump was invented, supported by running water, not electricity. The introduction of air pumps into the hobby is considered by some historians of a hobby to be an important moment in its development.
Aquaria is becoming more popular because homes have electricity supplies after World War I. Electricity allows artificial lighting, as well as aeration, filtering, and water heating. Initially, amateur aquarists maintain native fish (with the exception of carp); the availability of exotic species from abroad increasingly increases the popularity of aquariums. Jugs are made from a variety of materials used to import fish from abroad, with a bicycle foot pump for aeration. Plastic delivery bags were introduced in the 1950s, making it easier to ship fish. The availability of air transport allows fish to be successfully imported from distant regions. The popular publication started by Herbert R. Axelrod influenced many more fans to start raising fish. In the 1960s, metal frameworks made marine aquariums almost impossible due to corrosion, but the development of tar and silicone sealants allowed the first all-glass aquarium made by Martin Horowitz in Los Angeles, CA. Fixed frames, though purely for aesthetic reasons.
Japan plays an increasingly important role in shaping aquarium designs in the latter part of the twentieth century, with Takashi Amano's aquascape design that affects fish to treat home aquariums as a pleasant composition, not just as a way of displaying fish specimens.
In the United States, in 1996, aquarium maintenance was the second most popular hobby after collecting stamps. In 1999, an estimated 9.6 million US households owned an aquarium. Figures from 2005/2006 APPMA National Pet Owners Survey report that Americans have about 139 million freshwater fish and 9.6 million saltwater fish. Estimates of the number of fish stored in aquariums in Germany show at least 36 million. Hobbies have the strongest followers in Europe, Asia, and North America. In the United States, 40% of aquarist keep two or more tanks.
Maps Aquarium
Design
Materials
Most aquariums are made up of glazed glass panes along with 100% silicone sealants, with plastic frames attached to the top and bottom edges for decoration. Glass aquariums are standard for sizes up to about 1,000 liters (260Ã, USÃ, gal; 220Ã, Â ± gal). However, the glass as a material is brittle and has very little to give before it breaks, although the sealant generally fails first. Aquaria is made in various forms, such as cubes, hexagonal, sloped to fit at an angle (L-shaped), and the front arc (front side of the curve outward). Fish bowls are generally made of plastic or glass, and are round or some other round shape.
The first modern glass aquarium was developed in the 19th century by Robert Warrington. During Victorian times, glass aquariums generally had a stone or steel base, allowing them to be heated under by an open flame heat source. These aquariums have glass panels attached to metal frames and sealed with putty. Metal-framed aquariums were still available until the mid-1960s, when modern styles were sealed silicon replaced them. The acrylic aquarium was first publicly available in the 1970s. Laminate glass is sometimes used, which combines the advantages of glass and acrylic.
Glass aquariums have become a popular choice for many home aquarists and hobbyists over the years. Once the silicone sealant becomes strong enough to ensure a durable waterproof seal, it eliminates the need for a structural frame. In addition to lower costs, glass aquariums are more scratch resistant than acrylic. Although price is one of the main considerations for aquarists when deciding which of these two types of aquaria to buy, for very large tanks, the price difference tends to disappear.
The acrylic aquarium is now a major competitor with glass. Prior to the discovery of UV stabilization, early acrylic aquaria changed color over time with exposure to light; this is no longer the case. Acrylic is generally stronger than glass, weighs less, and provides a certain amount of temperature insulation. In a colder climate or environment, it is easier to achieve and maintain tropical temperatures and require less capacity than aquarium heaters. Acrylic-soluble cement is used to incorporate acrylic directly. Acrylic allows the formation of unusual shapes, such as hexagonal tanks. Compared with glass, acrylic is easier to scratch; but unlike glass, it is possible to polish scratches in acrylic.
Large aquariums may use stronger materials such as fiberglass reinforced plastics. However, this material is not transparent. Reinforced concrete is used for aquariums where weight and space are not a factor. Concrete should be coated with a waterproof coating to prevent water from breaking concrete, as well as preventing water contamination by concrete.
Plywood can also be used when building aquariums. The benefits of using plywood include: lower construction costs, less weight, and better insulation. The popular positioning option for plywood aquariums is keeping them on the wall. Here the use of plywood is hidden by drowning the aquarium inside the wall. Placing insulation between the two helps with the isolation of the heated tank.
Style
Objects used for aquariums include: coffee tables, sinks, stupid machines and even toilets. Another example is the MacQuarium, an aquarium made from the shells of Apple Macintosh computers. In recent years, a specially designed aquarium house costing hundreds of thousands of dollars has become a status symbol - according to The New York Times , "among those tools, a dazzling aquarium is one of the last ways telling to impress their colleagues. "
Kreisel
The kreisel tank ("kreisel" being German for "spinning" or "gyroscope") is a horizontally-shaped aquarium designed to accommodate fine animals such as jellyfish and nascent sea horses. This aquarium provides a slow circular water flow with minimal interior hardware to prevent the population from getting hurt by the pump or tank itself. The tank does not have a sharp angle around its side and keeps the animal placed away from the pipe. Water that moves into the tank gives a gentle flow that keeps its occupants stalled. Water leaves the tank through a screen that prevents the animal being pulled into the pump or overflow intake.
There are several types of kreisel tanks. In a true kreisel, the round tank has a round, submerged lid. Pseudokreisels are "U" or semicircular, usually without a cover. Kreisel stretch is a "double-cheer" kreisel design, in which the tank length is at least twice the height. Using two downwelling holes on both sides of the tank allows gravity to make two gyres inside the tank. A single downwelling host can be used in the middle as well. The top of the stretch kreisel can be opened or closed with a cover. There may also be a screen in the middle of the tank side, or at the top on the side. It is possible to combine these designs; a round tank is used without cover or cover, and the water surface acts as a continuation of circular flow.
Biotope
Another popular setting is the biotope aquarium. Aquarium biotopes are a recreation of certain natural environments. Some of the most popular biotopes are the Amazon's freshwater habitat and the Rio Negro river, the Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika Lake Africa, and the Australian, Red Sea, and Caribbean marine reefs. Fish, plants, substrates, stones, wood, corals, and other components of the screen must be completely in accordance with the local natural environment. It can be a challenge to recreate such an environment, and most "true" biotopes will only have a few (if not only one) fish and invertebrate species.
Finally, the concept that appears for the house is the aquarium mounted on the wall, some of which are featured in the Living Art Marine Center.
Aquarium size and volume
Aquariums can range from small glass bowls containing less than 1 liter (2.1 USpt) of water to a huge public aquarium that inhabit the entire ecosystem such as seaweed forests. Relatively large home aquariums withstand temperature fluctuations and rapid pH, allowing greater system stability. Beginner Aquarists are advised to consider larger tanks to start, because the controller water parameters in smaller tanks can prove to be difficult.
Unfiltered bowl-shaped aquariums are now widely considered unsuitable for most fish. Advanced alternatives are now available. To maintain water conditions at an appropriate level, the aquarium should contain at least two forms of filtration: biological and mechanical. Chemical filtration should also be considered in some circumstances for optimal water quality. Chemical filtration is often achieved through activated carbon, to filter out medications, tannins, and/or other known impurities from water.
Reef aquariums under 100 liters (26 gal US, 22 gal) have a special place in the aquarium hobby; This aquarium, called nano reefs (when used in reefkeeping), has a small volume of water, below 40 liters (11 Â ° C; 9 gallons).
Practical limitations, especially water weight (1 kilogram per liter (8.45 lbs/US gal, 10,022 pounds/imp/gal)) and internal water pressure (requires heavy glass) from large aquariums, limit most home aquariums to a maximum of 1 cubic meters in volume (1000 L, with weight 1,000 kg or 2,200 lb ). However, some aquarists have made aquaria thousands of liters.
Public aquariums designed for exhibits of large species or environments can be much larger than home aquariums. The Georgia Aquarium, for example, displays an individual aquarium of 6.3 million gallons (24,000,000 l).
Nano aquarium
The new trend is to have a very small aquarium, called a mini aquarium (less than 150 liters or 40 gallons) or a nano aquarium (less than 75 liters or 20 gallons). It can be either freshwater or salt water, and is meant to display a small but self-contained ecosystem.
Components
Typical aquarium enthusiasts include filtration systems, artificial lighting systems, and heating or cooling depending on the aquarium occupants. Many aquariums incorporate hoods, which contain lights, to reduce evaporation and prevent fish from leaving the aquarium (and anything from entering the aquarium).
A combined biological and mechanical aquarium filtration system is common. It either converts ammonia to nitrate (removes nitrogen at the expense of aquatic plants), or sometimes removes phosphate. Filter media can accommodate microbials that mediate nitrification. Filtration systems are sometimes the most complex component of home aquariums.
The aquarium heaters incorporate heating elements with thermostats, allowing the aquarist to regulate the water temperature at the above level that of the surrounding air, while cooling and cooling (cooling devices) are to be used anywhere, such as a cold water aquarium, where ambient space temperatures are above desired tank temperature. The thermometers used include glass alcohol thermometers, external plastic thermometer strip adhesives, and battery-powered battery thermometers. In addition, some aquarists use air pumps attached to airstones or water pumps to improve the water circulation and provide adequate gas exchange on the water surface. The waveform device has also been built to provide wave action.
The physical characteristics of the aquarium make up another aspect of the aquarium design. Size, lighting conditions, density of floating and rooted plants, placement of wood-swamp, cave creation or overhang, substrate type, and other factors (including indoor aquarium positions) may affect the behavior and survival of aquarium inhabitants.
The aquarium can be placed above the aquarium. Due to the weight of the aquarium, a stand should be strong as well as its level. The tank that is not level can distort, leak, or crack. These are often built with cabinets to allow storage, available in many styles to match the room decor. A simple metal tank booth is also available. Most aquariums should be placed on polystyrene to withstand irregularities on the underlying surface or the bottom of the tank itself which may cause cracks. However, some tanks have a bottom frame that makes this unnecessary.
Aquarium maintenance
The large volume of water allows more stability in the tank by diluting the effects of death or contamination events that push the aquarium away from equilibrium. The larger the tank, the easier the systemic shock to absorb, because the effect of the event is diluted. For example, the death of the only fish in a tank of 11 liters (3 gallons US, 2 gallon) caused a dramatic change in the system, while the same fish death was in 400 liters (110 Â ° US, 88%). gal) tank with lots of other fish in it representing only minor changes. For this reason, fans often love bigger tanks, because they do not pay much attention.
Several important nutritional cycles in the aquarium. Dissolved oxygen enters the system at the surface of the air-air interface. Similarly, carbon dioxide releases the system into the air. The phosphate cycle is an important nutritional cycle, though often overlooked. Sulfur, iron, and micronutrients also rotate through the system, entering as food and leaving as waste. Proper handling of the nitrogen cycle, along with providing a well-balanced supply of food and considering biological loading, is sufficient to maintain this nutrient cycle in equilibrium estimation.
The aquarium should be kept regularly to ensure that the fish stay healthy. Daily care consists of checking the fish for signs of stress and illness. In addition, aquarists should ensure that the water is of good quality and is not cloudy or foaming and the water temperature is appropriate for certain fish species living in the aquarium.
Typical weekly maintenance includes changing about 10-20% of water when cleaning gravel, or other substrates if the aquarium has one; But some managed to avoid this entirely by keeping it self-sufficient. A good habit is to remove water that is replaced by "vacuuming" the gravel with appropriate equipment, as this will remove the uneaten food and other residues attached to the substrate. In many areas tap water is considered unsafe for fish to live in because it contains chemicals that harm fish. Tap water from the area should be handled with appropriate water conditioners, such as products that remove chlorine and chlorine and neutralize heavy metals. Water conditions should be checked both in the tank and in the surrogate water, to make sure they are suitable for the species.
Water condition
The content of water-soluble substances may be the most important aspect of water conditions, since the total dissolved solids and other constituents dramatically affect basic water chemistry, and therefore how organisms interact with their environment. The content of salt, or salinity, is the most basic measure of water conditions. Aquariums may have fresh water (salinity below 500 parts per million), simulated lakes or river environments; brackish water (salt level of 500 to 30,000 PPM), environmental simulations that lie between fresh and salt, such as estuaries; and salt water or seawater (salt content of 30,000 to 40,000 PPM), simulated the marine environment. Rarely, higher salt concentrations are maintained in special tanks to raise saltwater organisms.
Saltwater is usually alkaline, while the pH (alkalinity or acidity) of freshwater varies considerably. Hardness measures the overall content of dissolved minerals; hard or soft water may be preferred. Hard water is usually alkaline, while soft water is usually neutral to acidic. The content of dissolved organic and dissolved gas content is also an important factor.
Aquarists homes typically use tap water supplied through their local water supply network to fill their tanks. Straight tap water can not be used in places that use chlorine-containing water. In the past, it was possible to "condition" the water by simply letting the water stand for a day or two, allowing the chlorine time to disappear. However, chloramine is now used more frequently and leaves no water with ease. Additives formulated to remove chlorine or chlorine are often needed to make water ready for aquarium use. Brackish or saltwater aquariums require the addition of a commercially available mix of salt and other minerals.
Some aquarists modify the alkalinity of water, hardness, or dissolved organic contents and gases, before adding it to their aquarium. This can be done by additives, such as sodium bicarbonate, to raise the pH. Some aquarist filter or purify their water through deionization or reverse osmosis before using it. In contrast, general aquaria with large water requirements are often located near natural water sources (such as rivers, lakes, or seas) to reduce treatment levels. Some fans use algal scrubbers to filter water naturally.
The water temperature determines the two most basic aquarium classifications: tropical versus cold water. Most fish and plants tolerate only a limited range of temperatures; Tropical aquariums, with an average temperature of around 25 ° C (77 ° F), are much more common. Cold water aquariums are for fish that are better suited to colder environments. More important than the range is consistency; most organisms are not accustomed to sudden temperature changes, which can cause shock and cause illness. Water temperature can be set with thermostat and heater (or cooler).
Water movement can also be important in simulating natural ecosystems. Aquarists may prefer anything from the still water to the swift currents, depending on the aquarium occupants. Water movement can be controlled through aeration of air pumps, powerheads, and careful design of internal water flow (such as the location of point of inlet and outflow filtration system).
Nitrogen cycle
The main concern for aquarist is the management of waste generated by the aquarium's inhabitants. Fish, invertebrates, fungi, and some bacteria secrete nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia (which is converted to ammonium, in water) and then have to pass through the nitrogen cycle or be ejected by passing zeolites. Ammonia is also produced by the decomposition of plant and animal matter, including dirt and other detritus. Nitrogen waste products are toxic to fish and other high concentration aquariums. In the wild, large amounts of water around the fish melt the ammonia and other waste materials. When fish are fed into the aquarium, the waste can quickly reach toxic concentrations in a closed environment unless the tank is moved to dispose of waste.
The process is
A balanced tank contains organisms capable of metabolizing other aquarium waste products. This process is known in the aquarium hobby as the nitrogen cycle. Bacteria known as nitrifiers (genus Nitrosomonas ) metabolize nitrogen waste. Nitrifying bacteria capture ammonia from water and metabolize to produce nitrite. Nitrite is toxic to fish in high concentrations. Other types of bacteria (genus Nitrospira ) convert nitrites into nitrates, substances that are less toxic. ( Nitrobacter bacteria were previously believed to fill this role.While biologically they can theoretically fill the same niche with Nitrospira , it has recently been found that Nitrobacter > are not present in the detectable levels in the established aquarium, while Nitrospira is abundant.) However, commercial products sold as kits for "jump start" nitrogen cycles often still contain Nitrobacter .
In addition to bacteria, water plants also remove nitrogen waste by metabolizing ammonia and nitrate. When plants metabolize nitrogen compounds, they remove nitrogen from water by using it to build biomass that decays more slowly than a plankton driven by water-soluble ammonia.
Maintaining a nitrogen cycle
What the nitrogen cycle enthusiasts call is only part of the complete cycle: nitrogen must be added to the system (usually through food provided to the inhabitants of the tank), and nitrate accumulates in water at the end of the process, or becomes attached to plant biomass. The aquarium keepers must wipe water when the concentration of nitrate grows, or removes the crop that has grown from the nitrate.
Aquarium hobby often does not have a sufficient bacterial population for adequate denitrify waste. This problem is most often addressed through two filtration solutions: The activated carbon filter absorbs nitrogen and other toxic compounds, while biological filters provide a medium designed to increase bacterial colonization. Activated carbon and other substances, such as resin absorbing ammonia, stop working when their pores are filled, so these components must be replaced regularly.
New aquariums often have problems associated with the nitrogen cycle because of inadequate beneficial bacteria. Therefore, fresh water must be cooked before saving with fish. There are three basic approaches to this: "fishless cycle", "silent cycle" and "slow growth".
In a fishless cycle, a small amount of ammonia is added to an uninhabited tank to feed the bacteria. During this process, the levels of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate are tested to monitor progress. The "silent" cycle is basically nothing more than hoarding aquariums with fast growing water plants and counting on them to consume nitrogen, allowing the time of the bacterial population needed to thrive. According to anecdotal reports, plants can consume nitrogenous waste so efficiently that the ammonia and nitrite spikes seen in more traditional cycling methods are greatly reduced or disappeared. "Slow growth" requires slowly increasing fish populations for 6 to 8 weeks, giving bacterial colonies time to grow and stabilize with increased fish waste. This method is usually done with smaller beginner populations of tougher fish that can survive with ammonia and nitrite spikes, whether they are meant to be permanent residents or to be exchanged out later for the desired occupants.
The largest bacterial populations are found in filters, where high water flow and abundant surfaces are available for their growth, so effective and efficient screening is essential. Sometimes, powerful filter cleaning is enough to disrupt the biological balance of the aquarium. Therefore, it is advisable to rinse the mechanical filters in the aquarium outer water bucket to remove the organic material that contributes to the nitrate problem, while maintaining the bacterial population. Another safe practice consists of only cleaning half of the filter media during each service, or using two filters, only one being cleaned at a time.
Biological load
Biological load, or bioload, is a measure of the load placed on an aquarium ecosystem by its inhabitants. High biological loading presents a more complex ecological tank, which in turn means equilibrium is more easily impaired. Some fundamental constraints on biological loading depend on the size of the aquarium. Water surface area limits oxygen intake. The bacterial population depends on the physical space they have for colonizing. Physically, only the limited size and number of plants and animals can enter the aquarium while still providing space for movement. Biologically, biological loading refers to the rate of biological decay in the proportion of tank volume. Adding plants to the aquarium will sometimes be helpful with taking fish waste as a plant nutrient. Although the aquarium can be filled with fish, the excess of the plant will not cause harm. Rotting plant material, such as decaying plant leaves, can add these nutrients back to the aquarium if not removed immediately. Bioload is processed by an aquarium biophilter filtration system.
Calculate capacity
Limiting factors include the availability of oxygen and filtration processes. Aquarists have a rule of thumb for estimating the number of fish that can be stored in an aquarium. The example below is for small freshwater fish; Larger freshwater fish and most marine fish require much more generous benefits.
- 3 cm from adult length of fish per 4 liters of water (that is, 6 cm long fish will need about 8 liters of water).
- 1 cm adult length of fish per 30 centimeters square of surface area.
- 1 inch adult length of fish per gallon of US water.
- 1 inch adult long fish per 12 inch square surface area.
Experienced aquarists warn against applying these rules too tightly because they do not consider other important issues such as growth rates, activity levels, social behavior, filtration capacity, total biomass from plant life, and so on. It is better to apply the mass and overall size of fish per gallon of water, than just the length. This is because fish of different sizes produce very different amounts of waste. Setting maximum capacity often gradually adds fish and monitors water quality over time, following a trial and error approach.
Other factors affecting capacity
One variable is the difference between fish. Smaller fish consume more oxygen per gram of body weight than larger fish. Labyrinth fish can breathe oxygen in the atmosphere and do not require many surface areas (however, some fish are territorial, and do not appreciate crowding). Thorns also require more surface area than tetras with comparable size.
The exchange of oxygen on the surface is an important constraint, and thus the aquarium's surface area is important. Some aquarists claim that a deeper aquarium does not have more fish than a shallower aquarium with the same surface area. Capacity can be enhanced by surface movement and water circulation such as through aeration, which not only increases the oxygen exchange, but also the level of waste decomposition.
The waste density is another variable. Decomposition in the solution consumes oxygen. Oxygen dissolves less in warm water; this is a double-edged sword because the warmer temperatures make the fish more active, so they consume more oxygen.
In addition to bioload/chemical considerations, aquarists also consider reciprocal compatibility of fish. For example, predatory fish are usually not maintained with small, passive, and territorial fish species often unsuitable for shoaling species. Furthermore, fish tend to be better if given a tank that is conducive to their size. That is, large fish require large tanks and small fish can do well in smaller tanks. Lastly, the tank can become overcrowded without excess stock. In other words, the aquarium can be appropriate with respect to filtering capacity, oxygen load, and water, but still so crowded that the population is not comfortable.
For a freshwater aquarium that is planted, it is also important to maintain a balance between the duration and quality of light, the number of plants, CO2 and nutrients. For the amount of light given, if the number of plants is not enough or CO2 is not sufficient to support the growth of the plant, so to consume all the nutrients in the tank, the result is the growth of algae. Although there are fish and invertebrates that can be incorporated into the tank to clear these algae, the ideal solution is to find the optimal balance among the factors mentioned above. Additional CO2 can be supplied, whose numbers must be carefully regulated, because too much CO2 can harm fish.
Aquarium classification
From the outdoor pool and glass jars of ancient times, modern aquariums have evolved into a variety of special systems. Individual aquariums can vary in size from a small bowl large enough for just one small fish, to a large general aquarium that can simulate the entire marine ecosystem.
One way to classify aquariums is by salinity. Freshwater aquariums are the most popular because they are cheaper. More expensive and complex equipment is needed to organize and maintain a marine aquarium. Marine aquariums often feature a variety of invertebrates other than fish species. Brackish water aquariums combine elements of marine and freshwater fishkeeping. Fish stored in brackish aquariums generally come from habitats with various salinity, such as mangrove swamps and estuaries. Subtypes exist in this type, such as reef aquariums, usually smaller marine aquariums that jut out corals.
Another classification is with the temperature range. Many aquarists choose tropical aquariums because tropical fish tend to be more colorful. However, cold water aquariums are also popular, which are mainly limited to carp, but can include fish from temperate regions around the world and native fish.
Aquaria can be grouped based on the selection of their species. Community tanks are the most common today, where some non-aggressive species live in peace. In this aquarium, fish, invertebrates, and plants may not come from the same geographical area, but tolerate the same water conditions. Aggressive tanks, on the other hand, house a limited number of species that can be aggressive against other fish, or are able to withstand aggression well. Most marine tanks and residential cichlid tanks should take the aggressiveness of the desired species into account at stock. The specimen tank is usually only the home of one fish species, along with the plant, presumably found in the natural environment of the fish and the simulation of natural ecosystems. This type is useful for fish that can not co-exist with other fish, such as electric eels, for example extreme. Some of these tanks are used only for adult homes to breed.
Ecotype, ecotope, or aquarium biota is another species based on species selection. In it, an aquarium tries to simulate a certain natural ecosystem, collecting fish, invertebrate species, plants, decorations and water conditions all found in the ecosystem. This biota aquarium is the most sophisticated hobby aquarium; Public aquariums use this approach whenever possible. This approach best simulates the experience of observing in the wild. This usually serves as the healthiest artificial environment for tankers.
Public aquarium
Most public aquarium facilities have a number of smaller aquariums, as well as an aquarium that is too big for home aquarists. The largest tank holds millions of gallons of water and can accommodate large species, including sharks or beluga whales. Dolphinaria is special for dolphins. Aquatic and semiaquatic animals, including beavers and penguins, can also be stored by public aquariums. Public Aquaria can also be included in larger companies such as marine mammal parks or marine parks.
Virtual aquarium
The virtual aquarium is a computer program that uses 3D graphics to reproduce aquariums on personal computers. Swimming fish are given in real time, while tank backgrounds are usually static. The objects on the tank floor can be mapped on simple planes so the fish can be seen swimming both in front and behind them, but relatively simple 3D maps of the common shape of these objects can be used to allow light and ripple on the water surface to give a realistic shadow. Bubbles and water sounds are common for virtual aquariums, which are often used as screensavers.
The number of each type of fish can usually be selected, often including other animals such as starfish, jellyfish, sea horses, and even sea turtles. Most companies that produce virtual aquarium software also offer other types of fish for sale through Internet downloads. Other objects found in the aquarium can also be added and rearranged on some software, such as giant treasure chests and shells that open and close with air bubbles, or divergent dives. Usually there is a feature that allows the user to tap the glass or put the food on top, both of which will react to the fish. Some also have the ability to allow users to edit fish and other objects to create new varieties.
See also
- Aquascaping
- Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)
- Filter (aquarium)
- Fish Cleansing
- List of aquarium diseases
- List of aquarium fish by scientific name
- List of brackish aquarium fish species
- List of species of brackish ornamental plants
- List of freshwater aquatic amphibian species
- List of freshwater aquarium fish species
- List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species
- List of species of freshwater aquarium plants
- List of marine aquarium fish species
- List of invertebrate marine aquarium species
- List of marine aquarium plant species
- Micro Landchaft
- Macquarium
- Oceanarium
- Public aquarium
- Coral aquarium
- Vivarium
References
External links
- Aquarium in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Aquarium Wiki
- Ã, Ernest Ingersoll (1920). "Aquarium". Encyclopedia Americana .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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