The Warburg hypothesis , sometimes known as the Warburg Cancer theory, postulates that the tumorigenesis driver is inadequately cellular respiration caused by an insult to mitochondria. The term Warburg effect illustrates the observation that cancer cells, and many cells grow in vitro, show fermentation of glucose even when sufficient oxygen is present to breathe properly. In other words, instead of fully resting in the presence of sufficient oxygen, cancer cells ferment. The Warburg hypothesis is that the Warburg effect is the root cause of cancer. The current general opinion is that cancer cells ferment glucose while maintaining the same level of respiration present prior to the process of carcinogenesis, and thus the Warburg effect will be defined as the observation that cancer cells show glycolysis with lactate secretion and mitochondrial respiration even in the presence of oxygen.
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Hypothesis
The Warburg hypothesis was postulated by Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924. He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are due to the fact that tumor cells primarily produce energy (such as adenosine triphosphate/ATP) by non-oxidative damage. glucose (a process called glycolysis). This is in contrast to the "healthy" cells that primarily produce energy from the breakdown of pyruvate oxidatively. Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, and oxidized in the mitochondria. Therefore, according to Warburg, cancer cell drivers should be interpreted as deriving from decreased mitochondrial respiration. Warburg reported a fundamental difference between normal cells and cancer cells to the ratio of glycolysis to respiration; This observation is also known as the Warburg effect.
Cancer is caused by mutations and changes in gene expression, in a process called malignant transformation, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth. The metabolic differences observed by Warburg adapt cancer cells to hypoxic conditions (lack of oxygen) in solid tumors, and most result from the same mutations in oncogene and tumor suppressor genes that cause other abnormal characteristics of cancer cells. Therefore, the metabolic changes observed by Warburg are not so much a cause of cancer, as he claims, but instead, this is one of the distinctive effects of cancer-causing mutations.
Warburg articulates his hypothesis in a paper entitled The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer he presented in a lecture at the Nobel Laureates meeting on June 30, 1966 in Lindau, Lake Constance, Germany. In this speech Warburg presented additional evidence supporting his theory that the high anaerobiosis seen in cancer cells is a consequence of impaired or inadequate breathing. Enter his own words, "the main cause of cancer is the replacement of oxygen respiration in normal body cells by sugar fermentation."
The body often kills cells damaged by apoptosis, a self-destructive mechanism involving mitochondria, but this mechanism fails in the cancer cells in which the mitochondria are closed. Mitochondrial reactivation of cancer cells restarts their apoptotic program.
Maps Warburg hypothesis
Ongoing research and interests
A large number of researchers have dedicated and dedicated their efforts to study the Warburg Securities that are closely related to the Warburg hypothesis. In oncology, the Warburg effect is the observation that most cancer cells primarily produce energy with high levels of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol, not by relatively low levels of glycolysis followed by pyruvate oxidation in the mitochondria as in most normal cells.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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