Type 93 ( ????? , intended for the Japanese Imperial calendar year 2593) is 61 cm (24 in ) -the torpedo torque of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), was launched from surface ships. It is often referred to as Long Lance by most of the modern British naval historians, the nickname given after the war by Samuel Eliot Morison, the major US Navy historian, who spent most of the war in the Pacific Theater. In Japanese references, the terms Sanso gyorai ( ???? , lit. "oxygen torpedo") are also used, referring on the propulsion system. It was the most advanced naval torpedo in the world at that time.
Video Type 93 torpedo
History and development
Development Type 93 (in parallel with model submarine, Type 95) began in Japan in 1928, under the aegis of Rear Admiral Kaneji Kishimoto and Captain Toshihide Asakuma. The torpedo design was inspired by a British oxygen-rich torpedo used on a battleship Nelson -class. At that time, the most powerful naval enemy of Japan was the US Navy's Pacific Fleet. The US Navy doctrine, considered an invasion by the Japanese from the Philippines (an American commonwealth at the time), called for battle lines to fight across the Pacific Ocean, relieve or reclaim the Philippines, and destroy the Japanese fleet. Because IJN has fewer warships than the US Navy, it plans to use light power (light cruisers, destroyers and submarines) to reduce the US Navy's fleet in a series of small battles, mostly at night. After the number of American warships is sufficiently reduced, the IJN will conduct its own warships that may be fresh and undamaged to complete the remains of the United States in one major climax battle. (This is basically what the "US Navy Plan of Orange Plan" hopes for.)
The Japanese Navy invests heavily in developing large, heavy, and long-range torpedoes, Type 93. Torpedoes are the only weapons that give small warships, such as destroyers, the potential to incapacitate or drown warships. The research and development of IJN torpedoes focuses on the use of high-compressed oxygen instead of compressed air as a fuel oxidizer in a torpedo propulsion system. This torpedo uses a wet heating machine that usually burns fuels such as methanol or ethanol. Since air is only 21% oxygen (and 78% nitrogen), pure oxygen provides five times more oxidizers in the same tank volume, thus increasing the torpedo range. In addition, the absence of inert nitrogen produces much less exhaust emissions, consisting only of carbon dioxide, which is significantly water soluble, and moisture, thereby greatly reducing the traces of story bubbles.
Compressed oxygen is dangerous to handle and requires extensive research and development, not to mention additional training for the torpedomen of a warship, for safe operational use. Finally, IJN's weapons development engineers discovered that by starting a torpedo engine with compressed air, and then gradually switching to pure oxygen, they were able to overcome the explosion problems that had previously impeded it. To hide the pure oxygen usage of the crew and potential enemy, the oxygen tank is named the secondary air tank . Pure oxygen torpedoes were first used by IJN in 1935.
Type 93 has a maximum range of 40 km (21.6 Â ± 24.9 mi) at 38 knots (70 km/h, 44 mph) with explosive warheads of 490 kg (1,080 lb). Long-distance, high speed, and heavy warheads deliver powerful punches in surface battles. In contrast, the US Navy's standard torpedo launched on the surface of World War II, 21 at (53 cm) Mark 15, has a maximum range of 15,000 yd (14 km; 7.4 m) at 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h , 30.5 mph), or 6,000 y (5.5 km/3.0 nmi) at 45 knots (83 km/h, 52 mph), with a much smaller warhead 375 kg (827 lb); torpedoes from other Allied countries have no further reach. Type 93 is launched from a 61 cm (24 inch) torpedo tube mounted on the IJN destroyer deck and cruiser; some Japanese destroyers, unlike other naval vessels, plant their torpedo tube banks in towers that offer protection against debris, and have a tube loader. IJN arms almost all of its cruisers with Type 93 torpedoes.
In the initial surface battles of 1942-43, Japanese destroyers and cruisers were able to launch their torpedoes from about 20 km (11 nmi; 12 mi) on an unsuspecting Allied warship that tried to reach the rifle's reach. Allied warships expect that, if torpedoes are used, they will be fired no more than 10 km (5.4 nmi, 6.2 mi), their own typical torpedo range. The many torpedo attacks suffered by Allied warships in the battle made their officers believe that torpedoes had been fired by undetectable Japanese submarines operating in conjunction with surface warships. On rare occasions, Stray Type 93s hit the ship with a much longer distance than the intended target, leading the Allies on occasion to suspect their ship had been mined. Type 93 capabilities were largely unrecognized by the Allies until the example was captured intact in 1943.
The version of 17.7 in (450 mm), Type 97, was later developed for dwarf submarines, but was unsuccessful, and was replaced operationally by Japanese standard air torque, Type 91. Version 21 in (53 cm) for use by some submarines IJN is set to Type 95, and it finally works.
The Type 93 disadvantage is that it's much more likely to explode by surprise than a compressed air torpedo. The explosion of a Type 93, with heavy warheads, is usually enough to drown a destroyer, or severely damage a cruiser, carry it. When American air strikes against IJN ships become more common, the captains of destroyers and cruisers under air strikes must decide whether to throw the torpedoes or not to prevent them being detonated during an attack.
In one instance, heavy cruisers Chikuma were fortunate to have dumped their Type 93 just before being hit by bombs from some ASN dive bombers at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. During the Battle of Samar (in the eastern Philippines), a five-inch (127 mm) shell from the aircraft carrier USS White Plains hit a heavy cruiser Chokai . While in many cases, this large shell will not damage a heavy cruiser, this shell detonates a cruiser torpedo, paralyzes the steering wheel and the engine; he hurried the next day.
Maps Type 93 torpedo
Specifications
Some examples of range specifications with speed:
- 22,000 m (24,000 yd) at 48 to 50 kn (89 to 93 km/h; 55 to 58 mph)
- 33,000 m (36,000 yd) at 37 to 39 kn (69 to 72 km/h; 43 to 45 mph)
- 40,400 m (44,200 x y) at 33 to 35 kn (61 to 65 km/h; 38 to 40 mph)
However, the IJN officially announces the maximum performance of Type 93 is 11 km (5.9 Â ± nmi; 6.8 mi) at 42 kn (78 km/h; 48 mph).
The distance stated over 10 km (5.4 nmi, 6.2 mi) is effective when the targeted warship is steamed straight for more than a few minutes while the torpedo approaches. This sometimes happens when a USN cruiser chases an IJN destroyer that escapes from high-speed battles at night, or when an American aircraft carrier, implicated in flight operations, was subjected to IJN submarine in the South Pacific in 1942- 43.
Type 93 weighs about 2,700 kg (6,000 pounds), with a high explosive warhead of about 490 kg (1,080 pounds).
Rear Admiral Jungo Rai explains this weapon in the chapter "Torpedo", in his book The Particulars of Secret Weapons, first published by Koyo-sha, Japan, in 1952.
Type 93 Torpedoes have a main chamber filled with compressed pure oxygen, a joint regulating valve that prevents backflow, and high-pressure air tanks (about 13 liters). First, compressed air is mixed with fuel, and the mixture is supplied to a hot starter. Ignition begins gently, with a mixture lit continuously on the machine (if oxygen is used at this stage, an explosion is common). When compressed air is consumed and loss of pressure, high-pressure oxygen is supplied from the main chamber through the joint valve into the compressed air tank. Immediately the air tank is filled with pure oxygen, and burning is continued in the machine.
Torpedoes require careful care. War ships equipped with Type 93 torpedo launchers require an oxygen generator system to use this type of torpedoes.
A torpedo engine design officer, Kure Navy of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Ryozo Akagi, explains Type 93 in his notebook.
The Type 93 torpedo structure can be separated into sections; from the front, warheads, air space, front buoy, engine compartment, rear buoy, tail steering, screw blades.
Torpedo type 93 rev.1 is equipped with a twin-cylinder oil reciprocating engine. The machine uses a second type gas, code name for 98% pure oxygen, high pressure - the word "oxygen" is not used for secrecy. It can easily explode if the oil spot remains inside the uneven air pipe. Pipe cleaning is the most important maintenance task on a Type 93 torpedo, and takes four or five days. The practical use of the oxygen machine is a secret in the Imperial Japanese Navy.
First type air gas, code name for compressed air up to 230 atm, from 13.5 liters tank, used to start the engine.
The second type of air gas (oxygen) is stored at 225 atm in the 980-liter main room made by nickel-chromium-molybdenum nickel steel blocks, a first-ever alloy developed for combat warships.
The front of the torpedo contains a warhead, behind which is the shell of the main room 12 mm thick (0.47 inches). While Type 93 has a length of about 9 m (29Ã, ft 7-1/4 in) and a diameter of 61Ã,® cm (24Ã, in), the second main air space type along the 348 cm (11 × 5-3/8 in) occupying more than one-third of the total torpedo length. Behind the main hall is the back of the torpedo.
The pressure regulator reduces the downward pressure of the compressed gas in the air chamber to the constant pressure required to keep the torpedo running at a constant speed.
The oxygen-fuel mixture is injected and exploded in the engine's combustion chamber, pushing the piston and rotating the pivot of a single drive. There is a bevel gear on its axis. The main shaft has a drive shaft inside and outside and pushes the four-blade screw coaxial, spinning around so as not to rotate the torpedo.
The outer shell of the torpedo is made of 3.2 mm (0.126 inches) thick steel panels, but 1.8 mm (0.07 inches) thick on the back, welded and impermeable. Plates in the engine section are designed to leak water to cool the engine.
There are two controlling air tanks with a total capacity of 40.5 liters containing compressed air up to 230 atm, to operate the steering and torpedo stabilizer.
The depth gauge controls the running depth. The water pressure board of the torpedo is manually set up to five meters, to set the depth that runs at five meters below the surface, and controls the side stabilizer to run at that depth.
Vertical steering meter set the vertical gyrocompass to control the vertical tail rudder. Gyrocompass guides the torpedo to the target, allowing even a torpedo that is launched backwards to turn and reach the target in front. The tail steering and side stabilizers are operated by air pressure.
The gyro starts when the torpedo is launched. The gyrocompass of Type 93 torpedo is 15 cm (5-7/8 in) in diameter and 7 or 8 cm (3 inches) thick, spinning at 8,000 rpm. The Type 93 Torpedo suffers a problem with this gyro speed when it is launched from a steaming steamer with a top speed of about 35 knots.
The Imperial Japanese Navy initially tested torpedoes at Dainyu, Aga-Minami from Kure city, Hiroshima prefecture, Japan, but a long-range Type 93 torpedo called for a relatively large area to launch the test. Furthermore, the test range in Otsu shima Island, Tokuyama city, Yamaguchi Prefecture, next to Hiroshima Prefecture is used. The base then became famous as a base from Kaiten's "suicide torpedo" which was guarded.
Kaiten Development of Type 93
The gyrocompass rotation speed is increased to 20,000 rpm for Kaiten manned torpedoes. The warhead of a Type 93 torpedo is 480 kg (1,060 lb) (equal to 1 ton 406 mm (16.0 inches) from the Japanese Imperial warship), rising to 1.6 tonnes for Kaiten. A Type 93 torpedo is often enough to drown or destroy a warship, although the US Navy claimed in 1945 that in one instance, an unidentified destroyer had not drowned despite Kaiten's net attack.
Torpedo type 93 has a length of 9.61 meters and weighs about three tons, while Kaiten has a length of 15 meters and weighs 8 tons. The maximum speed of Type 93 is 52 knots and a range of 22,000 m (13.67 miles). Kaiten has a range of 23,000 m (14.29 mi) at 30 knots (34.5 miles/h), 70,000 m (43.5 miles) at 12 knots (12.8 m/h). Kaiten has a slow and stable cruising ability just below the surface.
The success of Type 93 torpedoes
Source:
While the Type 93 torpedo is dangerous to its users as well as its intended target, the Imperial Japanese Navy feels that its effectiveness outweighs its risks. During the war, 23 Allied warships sank after the hit of Type 93: 11 cruisers, 11 destroyers, and one aircraft carrier. Thirteen of these have been fatally beaten only by Type 93, with the rest succumbing to a combination of bombs, shots, and torpedoes.
Java Sea Battle:
- HNLMS Dutch cruisers Java February 27, 1942 by explorer IJN Haguro and Nachi
- HNLMS Dutch cruiser DeRuyter February 27, 1942 by explorer IJN Haguro and Nachi
- the Dutch destroyer HNLMS Kortenaer February 27, 1942 by the IJN Haguro cruiser
- Java Sea Battle: an action in the Sunda Strait involving Allied fighters by IJN:
- The British cruise ship HMSÃ, Exeter (68) March 1, 1942 by the IJN destroyer Ikazuchi
- The Australian cruise ship HMASÃ, Perth (D29) March 1, 1942 by the IJN Mogami and Mikuma cruisers
- American cruiser USSÃ, Houston (CA-30) March 1, 1942 by the IJN Mogami and Mikuma
Pertempuran Pulau Savo:
- 9 Agustus 1942 oleh penjelajah IJN Ch? , , Kinugasa , Furutaka
- AS. (CA-34), USSÃ, Vincennes (CA-44), USSÃ, Astoria (CA-34) 9 August 1942
Battles of Solomons/Tassafaronga/Guadacanal/Kolombangara/Ormac Bay/Santa Cruz Islands/Vella Lavella:
- Dutch destroyer HNLMS Piet Hein 19 February 1942 by IJN Asashio destroyer
- USSÃ, Blue Destroyer (DD-387) August 22, 1942 by IJN Kawakaze
- The USSA parent, Wasp (CV-8) Oct 26, 1942 by IJN Akigumo destroyer and Makigumo
- USS Cruises Atlanta (CL-51) 13 November 1942 by the destroyer of IJN Akatsuki
- USSa Destroyer, Barton Ã, (DD-599) 13 November 1942 by IJN destroyer Amatsukaze
- USSÃ, Laffey Destroyer (DD-459) 13 November 1942 by IJN destroyer
- USSÃ, Walke à Destroyer, (DD-416) November 14, 1942 by IJN Destroyer
- USSÃ Destroyer, Benham (DD-397) November 14, 1942 by IJN destroyer; then traced by USSÃ Gwin Ã, (DD-433)
- USS Northampton (CA-26) November 30, 1942 by the destroyer IJN Oyashio
- USSÃ Destroyer, Strong (DD-467) July 5, 1943 by IJN destroyer
- USS Helena (CL-50) Cruises July 5, 1943 by IJN Suzukaze and Tanikaze
- USSÃ, Gwin à destroyer, (DD-433) July 12, 1943 by IJN destroyer
- USSÃ Destroyer, Chevalier (DD-451) October 6, 1943 by destroyer IJN Yugumo
- USSa Destroyer, Cooper <æ, (DD-695) December 3, 1944 may be by IJN destroyer Take
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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