Toothpaste is a gel paste or toothpaste used with a toothbrush as an accessory for cleaning and maintaining aesthetics and dental hygiene. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: toothpastes serve as abrasives that help remove dental plaque and food from teeth, help in suppressing halitosis, and provide the active ingredients (most commonly fluoride) to help prevent tooth decay (dental caries) and gum disease ( gingivitis). Salt and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) are among the ingredients that can replace commercial toothpaste. Toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed for fluoride content, but it is generally not too dangerous if it is not accidentally ingested in small amounts; however, one should seek medical attention after ingestion in abnormal amounts.
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Ingredients
In addition to 20-42% water, toothpaste comes from a variety of components, the three main ones are abrasive, fluoride, and detergent.
Abrasion
Abrasives represent at least 50% of a typical toothpaste. These insoluble particles help remove plaque from teeth. Removal of plaque and calculus helps minimize cavities and periodontal disease. Representative abrasives include aluminum hydroxide particles (Al (OH) 3 ), calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), various calcium hydrogen phosphate, various silica and zeolite, and hydroxyapatite (Ca < sub> 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH).
Abrasives, like dentist agents used in dentists' offices, also cause enamel erosion called "polishing" actions. Some brands contain a white mica powder, which acts as a mild abrasive, and also adds a pleasant shimmer of pleasing cosmetics to the paste. Tooth polishing removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve dental health above and above the effect of plaque removal and calculus.
The effect of abrasive toothpaste is shown by its RDA value. The RDA value is too high to spoil. Some dentists recommend toothpaste with an RDA value of no more than 50 for daily use.
Fluoride
Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to prevent cavities. Fluoride occurs in small amounts in plants, animals, and some natural water sources. The addition of fluoride in toothpaste has a beneficial effect on the formation of tooth enamel and bone. Sodium fluoride (NaF) is the most common source of fluoride, but stannous fluoride (SnF 2 ), olaflur (organic fluoride salt), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na 2 PO 3 F) is also used. Stannous fluoride has been shown to be more effective than sodium fluoride in reducing the incidence of dental caries and controlling gingivitis, but causing slight stains on the surface.
Many toothpaste sold in the United States has 1,000 to 1,100 parts per million of fluoride. In European countries, such as the UK or Greece, the fluoride content is often higher; NaF content of 0.312% w/w (1,450 ppm fluoride) is common. All of these concentrations tend to prevent tooth decay, according to a Cochrane 2010 review. Concentrations below 1,000 ppm may not be preventive, and preventive effects increase with concentration. Clinical trials support the use of high fluoride toothpaste, such as those found to reduce the amount of plaque accumulation, reduce the amount of mutans streptococcus and lactobacilli and possibly promote calcium fluoride deposits to a higher level than after the use of traditional fluoride-containing toothpastes. However, this effect should be offset by an increased risk of harm at higher concentrations.
Surfactant
Many, though not all, toothpastes contain sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or related surfactants (detergents). SLS is found in many other personal care products, such as shampoo, and is primarily a foaming agent, which enables uniform distribution of toothpaste, enhancing its cleaning power.
Recent studies (meta-analysis) show that applying toothpaste to brushing teeth has no impact on plaque removal rates.
Other components
Antibacterial Agents
Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the UK. Triclosan or zinc chloride prevents gingivitis and, according to the American Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad breath. A clinical trial study in 2006 concluded there was evidence of the effectiveness of 0.30% triclosan in reducing plaque and gingivitis. Another Cochrane review in 2013 found that triclosan achieved a 22% reduction in plaque, and in gingivitis, a 48% reduction in bleeding gums. However, there is insufficient evidence to show any difference in the fight against periodontitis and there is no evidence of any of the harmful effects associated with the use of toothpaste triclosan for more than 3 years. Evidence associated with plaque and gingivitis is considered to be of moderate quality while for periodontitis is low quality.
Flavorants
Toothpaste comes in a variety of colors and flavors, intended to encourage the use of the product. The three most common flavorants are peppermint, spearmint, and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored with popular peppermint oil-anise in the Mediterranean region. These flavors are provided by each oil, eg Peppermint Oil. More exotic flavors include anethole anise, apricot, bubblegum, cinnamon, fennel, lavender, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon, orange and pine. Or, toothpaste without flavor exists.
Remineralizer
Nanocrystal hydroxyapatite and various calcium phosphates are included in the formulation for remineralization, ie enamel reform.
Miscellaneous components
Agents are added to suppress the tendency of toothpaste to dry up into powder. Includes various sugar alcohols, such as glycerol, sorbitol, or xylitol, or related derivatives, such as 1,2-propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol. Strontium chloride or potassium nitrate is included in some toothpastes to reduce the sensitivity. Two systematic meta-analysis reviews reported that arginine, and calcium sodium phosphosilicates - CSPS containing toothpaste are also effective in reducing dentin hypersensitivity respectively, other randomized clinical trials found a superior effect when the two formulas were combined together.
Sodium polyphosphate is added to minimize the formation of tartar. Another example for components in toothpaste is Biotene, which has proven it's efficiency in reducing dry mouth symptoms in people suffering from xerostomia according to the results of two randomized clinical trials.
Chlorohexidine mouthwash has been popular for its positive effect on plaque control and gingivitis; however, systemic reviews studied the effects of chlorohexidine toothpaste and found insufficient evidence to support its use, dental surface discoloration observed as a side effect while using it, considered a negative side effect which may affect patient compliance.
Xylitol
Several studies have shown that toothpaste with xylitol as an ingredient is more effective in preventing dental caries in a permanent tooth of a tooth than a fluoride-containing toothpaste alone. Furthermore, xylitol has not been found to cause harmful effects. Further investigation into the efficacy of toothpaste containing this product is however necessary because the available studies are currently of low quality and therefore the results of such studies should be applied with caution.
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Fluoride
Water fluoridation has been hailed as one of the top medical achievements of the 20th century.
Toothpaste containing fluoride can be very toxic if swallowed in large quantities. Approximately 15 mg/kg body weight is an acute deadly dose, although a small amount of 5 mg/kg can be fatal for some children.
The risk of using fluoride is low enough so the use of a full strength toothpaste (1350-1500 ppm fluoride) is recommended for all ages. However, smaller volumes are used for children, for example toothpaste with stains of up to three years. The main concern of dental fluorosis is for children under 12 months of swallowing excess fluoride through toothpaste. Nausea and vomiting are also problems that may arise by consuming topical fluoride.
Diethylene glycol
The inclusion of sweet but toxic taste of diethylene glycol in Chinese-made toothpaste led to a recall in 2007 involving several toothpaste brands in several countries. The world's disappointment has led Chinese officials to ban the practice of using diethylene glycol in toothpaste.
Triclosan
The report has suggested triclosan, an active ingredient in various types of toothpaste, can combine with chlorine in tap water to form chloroform, which the United States Environmental Protection Agency classifies as possible human carcinogens. An animal study revealed that these chemicals can modify hormone regulation, and many other laboratory studies prove that bacteria may be able to develop resistance to triclosan in a way that may help them to fight antibiotics as well.
Polyethylene glycol - PEG
PEG is a common ingredient in some toothpaste formulas; it is a hydrophilic polymer acting as dispersant in toothpaste, also, used in many cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulas, eg ointments, osmotic laxatives, some non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, other medicines and household products. However, 37 cases of PEG hypersensitivity (delayed and immediate) for substances containing PEG have been reported since 1977, suggesting that they have an unknown allergic potential.
Other issues and debates
With the exception of toothpastes intended for use in pets such as dogs and cats, and toothpastes used by astronauts, most toothpastes are not intended to be swallowed, and doing so can cause nausea or diarrhea. Tartar toothpaste puncture has been disputed. Reports of plasma cell gingivitis cases have been reported with the use of herbal toothpaste containing cinnamon. SLS has been proposed to increase the frequency of oral ulcers in some people, as it may dry out the protective tissue layer of the mouth, causing the underlying tissue to become damaged. In a study conducted by the Oslo University on recurrent aphthous ulcers, it was found that Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) had a denaturation effect on the oral mucosal layer, with a high affinity for proteins, thereby increasing the permeability of the epithelium. In a double-blind cross-over study, a significantly higher frequency of aphthous ulcers was demonstrated when patients brushed their teeth with detergent-free toothpaste. Also patients with Oral Lichen Planus who avoid toothpaste containing SLS benefit.
Flavor perception changes
After using toothpaste, orange juice and other juices have an unpleasant taste. Sodium lauryl sulfate alters the perception of taste. It can break down phospholipids that inhibit taste receptors for sweetness, giving bitter taste foods. Instead, apples are known to taste better after using toothpaste. Distinguishing between the hypothesis that the bitter taste of orange juice resulting from stannous fluoride or from sodium lauryl sulfate is still an unresolved problem and it is thought that menthol added to flavor can also take part in the change in taste perception when binding to the lingual cold receptor.
Whiten toothpaste
Many toothpaste make a bleaching claim. Some of these toothpastes contain peroxides, the same ingredients found in teeth whitening gel. The abrasive material in this toothpaste, not peroxide, removes stains. Bleach tooth whitening can not change the natural color of teeth or discoloration by penetrating stains or surface decay. To remove surface stains, whitening toothpaste may include abrasion to gently polish teeth or additives such as sodium tripolyphosphate to break down or dissolve stains. When used twice a day, whitening toothpaste usually takes two to four weeks to make the teeth look whiter. Whitening teeth whitening is generally safe for everyday use, but excessive use can damage tooth enamel. Teeth whitening gel is an alternative. A recent systematic review in 2017 concluded that almost all toothpastes specifically formulated for teeth whitening have proven beneficial effects in reducing extrinsic stains, regardless of whether chemical change agent agents are added or not. However, the bleaching process can permanently reduce tooth strength, as it scratches the outer layer of the enamel protector.
Natural herbs and toothpaste
Companies like Tom's of Maine, among others, produce natural and herbal toothpaste and market it to consumers who want to avoid the artificial ingredients commonly found in regular toothpaste. Many herbal toothpaste does not contain fluoride or sodium lauryl sulfate. The ingredients found in natural toothpastes vary widely but often include baking soda, aloe vera, eucalyptus oil, nuts, plant extract (strawberry extract), and essential oils. A systemic review in 2014 found insufficient evidence to determine whether aloe vera herbal teeth can reduce plaque or improve gingival health, because randomized studies have been found to have defects with high risk of bias.
According to a study by the Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical and Research Studies, many of the herbal toothpaste sold in India is tainted with nicotine.
Charcoal has also been included in toothpaste formulas; However, there is no evidence to determine its safety and effectiveness.
Striped toothpaste
The striped toothpaste was invented by Leonard Marraffino in 1955. The patent (US patent 2,789,731 , issued in 1957) was then sold to Unilever, which marketed novelty under the Stripe brand name in the early 1960s. This was followed by the introduction of the Signal brand in Europe in 1965 (British patent 813,514). Although the Stripe was initially very successful, it never again achieved the 8% market share cornered during the second year.
The Marraffino design, which is still used for single-color lines, is simple. The main ingredient, usually white, sits at the tip of the toothpaste tube wrinkles and is largely made up mostly. The thin pipe, through which the carrier material will flow, descends from the nozzle to it. Stripe-material (this red on the Stripe) fills the gap between the carrier material and the top of the tube. Both materials are not in separate compartments, but they are sufficiently thick that they will not mix. When pressure is applied to the toothpaste tube, the main material presses the thin pipe to the nozzle. At the same time, the pressure applied to the main material causes pressure to be passed to the stripe material, thereby expelling through a small hole (on the side of the pipe) to the main carrier material as it passes through the hole.
In 1990 Colgate-Palmolive was granted patent (USPTO 4,969,767 ) for two different colored lines. In this scheme, the inner tube has a conical plastic shield around it, and about half its length. Between the guard and the ends of the tube is the space for the material for one color, which removes holes in the pipe. On the other side of the guard is the space for the second strip-material, which has its own set of holes.
Striped toothpaste should not be confused with toothpaste plated. Layered toothpastes require a multi-space design (eg USPTO 5,020,694 ), where two or three layers come out of the nozzle. This scheme, like a pump dispenser (USPTO 4,461,403 ), is more complicated (and thus, more expensive to produce) than Marraffino design or Colgate design.
History
Initial toothpaste
Since 5000 BC, Egyptians make toothpaste, which consists of cowhide ash powder, myrrh, burnt powder and egg shell, and pumice stone. The Greeks, and then the Romans, fixed the recipe by adding abrasives such as crushed bones and oyster shells. During the Japanese Edo period, inventor Hiraga Gennai Hika rakuyo (1769), posted an advertisement for Sosekiko , "toothpaste in the box". In the 9th century, the musician and fashion designer of Iraq, Ziryab, created a kind of toothpaste, popularized throughout Spain. The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are unknown, but are reported to have "functional and pleasant to taste". It is unknown whether these toothpastes are used alone, should be rubbed onto the teeth with a cloth, or should be used with an early toothbrush, such as a neem tree branch and miswak . Toothpaste or powder began to be used in general in the 19th century.
Dental Tooth
Toothpaste for use with toothbrushes began to be used in general in the 19th century in England. Most are homemade, with lime, powdered brick, or salt as ingredients. An 1866 Home Encyclopedia recommends powdered charcoal, and warns that many commercially marketable patented powders are more dangerous than good.
Arm & amp; Hammer market baking soda based toothpaste in the United States to about 2000, and Colgate is currently marketing tooth powder in India and other countries.
Modern toothpaste
American and British toothpaste recipes from the 18th century asked for burnt bread. Other formulas around this time are called for dragon blood (resin), cinnamon, and burning alum.
In 1900, a paste made of hydrogen peroxide and baking soda was recommended for use with a toothbrush. Pre-mixed toothpastes was first marketed in the 19th century, but did not extend beyond the popularity of tooth powder until World War I. In 1880, Doctor Washington Sheffield of New London, CT produced toothpaste into a folded tube, Dr. Sheffield's Creme Dentifrice. He had an idea after his son traveled to Paris and saw the painter use paint from the tube. In York in 1896, Colgate & amp; Dental Cream Company is packed in a collapsible tube mimicking Sheffield. The original folded toothpaste tube is made of lead.
Together with Willoughby D. Miller, Newell Sill Jenkins developed a toothpaste and named it Kolynos, the first toothpaste containing a disinfectant. The origin of the name comes from the Greek Kolyo nosos (?????????), which means "disease prevention". Many attempts to produce toothpaste by pharmacists in Europe are uneconomical. After returning to the US, he continued to experiment with Harry Ward Foote (1875-1942), professor of chemistry at Sheffield Chemical Laboratory of Yale University. After 17 years of development of Kolynos and clinical trials Jenkins retired and transferred production and distribution to his son Leonard A. Jenkins, who brought the first toothpaste tube on the market on April 13, 1908. Within a few years the company expanded its business in the North. America, Latin America, Europe, and the Far East. A branch operation opened in London in 1909. In 1937, Kolynos was produced in 22 countries and sold in 88 countries. Kolynos has been sold mainly in South America and in Hungary. Colgate-Palmolive took over the production of American Home Products in 1995 at a cost of one billion US dollars.
Fluoride was first added to toothpaste in the 1890s. Tanagra, containing calcium fluoride as an active ingredient, is sold by Karl F. Toellner Company, from Bremen, Germany, based on the early work of the chemist Albert Deninger. An analogue discovery by Roy Cross, from Kansas City, Missouri, was initially criticized by the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1937. The fluoride dentist developed in 1950 received ADA approval. To develop the first ADA-approved fluoride toothpaste, Procter & amp; Gamble started a research program in the early 1940s. In 1950, Procter & amp; Gamble developed a joint research project team led by Dr. Joseph Muhler at Indiana University to learn new toothpaste with fluoride. In 1955, Procter & amp; Gamble's Crest launched the first clinically proven fluoride toothpaste. On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that "Crest has been shown to be an effective anticavity toothpaste that can be of significant value when used in an oral hygiene care program and careful regular professional care."
In 1980, the Japanese company, Sangi Co., Ltd., launched APADENT, the world's first remineralized paste to use nano-form hydroxyapatite, a major component of tooth enamel, not fluoride, for the remineralization of the mineralized loss area beneath the surface. of tooth enamel (new caries lesions). After years of laboratory experiments and field trials, the hydroxyapatite material was approved as an active anti-caries agent by the Japanese Ministry of Health in 1993, and was named Hydroxyapatit Medical to distinguish it from other forms of hydroxyapatite used in toothpaste, such as abrasive teeth.
In 2006 BioRepair appeared in Europe with the first European toothpaste containing synthetic hydroxylapatite as an alternative to fluoride for remineralization and tooth enamel repair. "Biomimetic hydroxylapatite" is intended to protect the tooth by creating a new layer of synthetic enamel around the tooth instead of solidifying the existing layer with fluoride which chemically converts it into fluorapatite.
See also
- Dental thread
- Mouthwash
- fluoride therapy
- List of toothpaste brands
- Tube (container)
References
Further reading
- Hartman M (March 16, 2018). "I always wonder: how the mint smell is associated with clean teeth". I Always Asked (story series). Marketplace . American Public Media . Retrieved March 16, 2018 . Ã, About toothpaste history.
- Duhigg C (2012). "Chapter 2: The Brain of Desire: How to Create a New Habit: Part I". The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business . New York: Random House. ISBN: 978-1400069286. OCLCÃ, 731918383. Ã, About toothpaste marketing history.
External links
- Chemical Prevention of Plaque with Toothpaste
- History of fluoride toothpaste
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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