Hypopnea

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hypopnea or hypopnoea is either too shallow breathing or abnormally low respiratory rate. Hypopnea is defined by some to be less severe than apnea (total cessation of breathing), while other researchers have found hypopnea to have "the same if not indistinguishable effect" on the negative outcome of sleep breathing disorder. In sleep clinics, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is usually diagnosed based on the frequent presence of apnea and/or hypopneas rather than distinguishing between two phenomena. Hypopnea is usually defined by a decrease in the amount of air movement to the lungs and can cause blood oxygen levels to fall. Usually caused by partial obstruction of the upper airway.

Hipopnea during sleep is classified as a sleep disorder. With moderate to severe hypopnea, sleep is disturbed so that the patient can sleep soundly but still not feel rested because they do not get proper sleep. Respiratory disorders cause a decrease in blood oxygen levels, which in turn may interfere with the sleep stage.

However, the incidence of hypopnea during the day is largely confined to those with severe respiratory muscle disorders, such as those occurring in certain neuromuscular diseases or impaired central respiratory disturbances, such as those occurring in conditions such as acquired or innate central hypoventilation syndrome (ACHS or CCHS ). Hypopnea during the day can also cause a decrease in blood oxygen levels.

Video Hypopnea

Etymology and pronunciation

The word hypopnea uses a combination of the form hypo- -pnea , from the Greek root hypo- (meaning low , below , below , down , below normal ) and pnoia (means breathing ). View pronunciation information at dyspnea .

Maps Hypopnea

General information

In the context of diagnosis and treatment of sleep disturbances, hypopnea is not considered clinically significant unless there is a 30% or greater reduction in flow lasting for 10 seconds or longer and desaturation of 4% or greater in O persons ₂ level, or if it produces a passion or fragmentation of sleep.

The immediate consequence of hypopnea (as well as apnea) is that the CO ₂ in the blood increases and the oxygen level in the patient's blood decreases in proportion to the severity of airway obstruction. This breath-breathing pattern produces disturbing sleep patterns, the result being that those people may show increased fatigue, lethargy, decreased ability to concentrate, increased irritability, and morning headaches. Basically, these people are very tired because of their inability to sleep soundly.

Hypopneas can be central, as part of waxing and waning of breathing, or obstructive efforts. During obstructive hypopnea, compared with obstructive apnea, the airway is only partially closed. However, this closure is still sufficient to cause physiological effects ie, oxygen desaturation and/or increased respiratory efforts that end in passion.

The Hypopnea (HI) index can be calculated by dividing the number of hypopneal events during the sleep period by the number of hours of sleep. The Apnea-Hyponea Index (AHI) is an index of severity that combines apnea and hypopneas. Combining them gives overall severity of sleep apnea including sleep disturbances and desaturation (low levels of oxygen in the blood). The apnea-hypopnea index, such as the apnea index and the hypopnea index, is calculated by dividing the number of apnea and hypopnea by the number of hours of sleep. Another index used to measure sleep apnea is the Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI). RDI is similar to AHI; however, RDI also includes respiratory events that technically do not meet the definition of apnea or hypopneas, such as Abdominal Related Stomach (RERA), but disrupts sleep.

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Cause

Among the causes of hypopnea are:

• anatomic abnormalities such as nasal septal deformation or narrow narrowness of nasal and esophagus meatus
• acute tonsillitis and/or adenoiditis
• overweight or overweight
• neuromuscular disease or any condition that causes respiratory muscles to weaken
• hypoventilation syndrome involving respiratory or respiratory failure
• the use of sedatives such as sleeping pills
• alcohol abuse
• smoking
• aging
• others, most of which are also common causes of airway obstruction, snoring and sleep apnea

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Symptoms

The most common symptom of hypopnea is excessive sleepiness, caused by persistent sleep disorders. People with hypopnea due to airflow obstruction often have severe and severe snoring that is disturbed by choking or loud snoring followed by periods of silence, because insufficient air can flow into the lungs through the mouth and nose. The silent period can last 20 seconds or more and can occur many times every hour, resulting in poor sleep and reduced oxygen levels in the blood.

Other symptoms of hypopnea may include depression, forgetfulness, mood swings or behavior, difficulty concentrating, energy loss, anxiety, and headaches in the morning. Not everyone with hypopnea develops all of these symptoms and not everyone who has these symptoms develops hypopnea.

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Consequences

Hypopnea is a disorder that can lead to excessive daytime sleepiness and impaired quality of life, including traffic accidents, reduced productivity at work, and emotional problems.

The cardiovascular consequences of hypopnea may include myocardial infarction, stroke, psychiatric problems, impotence, cognitive dysfunction, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and memory loss.

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Treatment

Obstructive Hypopnea

One treatment for obstructive hypopnea is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). CPAP is a treatment in which the patient wears a mask over the nose and/or mouth. The air blower forces air through the upper air passages. The air pressure is adjusted so that it is sufficient to maintain the level of oxygen saturation in the blood. Other treatments are sometimes the right oral tool. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine protocol for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) recommends oral equipment for those who prefer CPAP and have mild to moderate or non-responding/can not use CPAP sleep apnea. Severe cases of OSA can be treated with oral devices if the patient has undergone trials with CPAP. Oral Equipment should be specially made by dentists with training in dentistry. Mild obstructive hypopnea can often be treated by losing weight or by avoiding sleeping on a person's back. Quitting smoking too, and avoiding alcohol, sedatives and hypnotics (soporifics) before bed can be very effective. Surgery is generally the last resort in the treatment of hypopnea, but is a site-specific choice for the upper airway. Depending on the cause of the obstruction, surgery may focus on the soft palate, uvula, tonsils, thyroid or tongue. There are also more complex operations performed with other bone structure adjustments - the bones of the mouth, nose and face.

Middle Hypopnea

People with neuromuscular disorders or hypoventilation syndromes involving heart failure have central hypoventilation. The most common treatment for this form is the use of non-invasive ventilation such as BPAP machines.

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See also

• Glossary of lung size and activity
• Bradypnea

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References

• http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=hypopnea
• http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/TOPIC419.HTM
• http://www.sleepdex.org/dyssomnias.htm
• https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071015081737.htm
• http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/PracticeParameters/PP_MedicalTherapyOSA.pdf

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External links

• Hypopnea Info

Source of the article : Wikipedia