An alternative fuel vehicle is a vehicle that uses fuel other than traditional fuel oil (gasoline or diesel); and also refers to any technology that ignites machines that do not involve oil solely (eg electric cars, hybrid electric vehicles, solar power). Due to a combination of factors, such as environmental issues, high oil prices and the potential for peak oil, the development of cleaner alternative fuels and advanced power systems for vehicles has become a high priority for many governments and vehicle manufacturers worldwide.
Hybrid electric vehicles such as the Toyota Prius are actually not an alternative fuel vehicle, but through advanced technology in electric batteries and motors/generators, they make the use of fuel oil more efficient. Other research and development efforts are in the form of an alternative focus of power on the development of all electric vehicles and fuel cells, and even energy stored from compressed air.
Environmental analysis goes beyond just operating efficiency and emissions. Vehicle life cycle assessment involves production and post-use considerations. The cradle-to-cradle design is more important than focusing on a single factor such as the type of fuel.
Video Alternative fuel vehicle
Global Prospects
By December 2016, fewer motor vehicles on the world road, compared to just over 116 million alternative fuels and advanced technology vehicles that have been sold or converted worldwide by the end of 2016 and consist of: About 55 million flexible fuel cars, motorcycles and light duty trucks are manufactured and sold worldwide by mid 2015, led by Brazil with 29.5 million by mid 2015, followed by the United States with 17.4 million by the end of 2014, Canada with about 1.6 million in 2014, and Sweden with 243,100 until December 2014. Brazil's flexible fuel fleet includes more than 4 million flexible fuels manufactured from 2009 to March 2015.
- As of December 2016, China has the largest legal supplies of legal highway legal plug-ins in the world with cumulative sales of over 645,000 plug-in passenger electric cars. Among the country markets, the United States ranks second with more than 570,000 plug-in electric cars sold until December 2016. Japan is the world's third-largest plug-in car market with about 147,500 plug-ins sold until December 2016. More than 637,000 light-duty plug-in electric passenger cars have been registered in Europe until December 2016, representing 31.4% of global sales. In December 2016, sales in the European light-powered electric plug-in segment led by Norway with more than 135,000 registered units, followed by the Netherlands with more than 113,000 units registered by the end of December 2016, and France with more than 108,000 units. China is a world leader in heavy-duty plug-in segments, including electric-electric buses, and commercial truck and plug-in sanitation. New energy vehicle stocks sold in China totaled more than 950,000 units by December 2016. In December 2015, China is the world's largest plug-in power bus market with a stock of nearly 173,000 vehicles.
Maps Alternative fuel vehicle
Single fuel source
Engine Air Compressor
The air machine is an emission-free piston engine that uses compressed air as an energy source. The first compressed air car was created by a French engineer named Guy NÃÆ'¨gre. The expansion of compressed air can be used to drive the piston in a modified piston engine. Operating efficiency is obtained through the use of environmental heat at normal temperatures to warm the expanded cold air of the storage tank. This non-adiabatic expansion has the potential to improve engine efficiency. The only exhaust is cold air (-15 Â ° C), which can also be used to condition the car. The air source is a pressurized carbon fiber tank. Air is delivered to the engine through a rather conventional injection system. The unique crank design inside the engine increases the time at which the air charge is warmed from the ambient sources and the two-stage process allows better heat transfer rates.
Battery
Batteries of electric vehicles (BEVs), also known as electric vehicles (AEVs), are electric vehicles whose primary energy storage is in the chemical energy of batteries. BEVs are the most common form of what is defined by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) as zero emission vehicles (ZEV) because they do not produce exhaust emissions at the operating point. The electrical energy brought to the BEV to power the motor is obtained from a variety of battery chemicals arranged in the battery pack. For various additional genset trailers or dumbbell trailers are sometimes used, forming a hybrid vehicle type. Batteries used in electric vehicles include "lead acid", absorbed glass mat, NiCd, nickel metal hydride, Li-ion, Li-poly and zinc-air batteries.
Efforts to build a battery-powered modern electric vehicle began in the 1950s with the introduction of the first modern electric car (controlled transistor) - Henney Kilowatt, although the concept has been on the market since 1890. Despite the poor sales. early battery-powered vehicles, the development of various battery-powered vehicles continued into the mid-1990s, with models such as General Motors EV1 and Toyota RAV4 EV.
Battery-powered cars mainly use lead-acid batteries and NiMH batteries. The recharge capacity of acidic batteries is considerably reduced if they exceed 75% regularly, making it a less ideal solution. NiMH batteries are a better choice, but much more expensive than lead-acid. Lithium-ion battery powered batteries such as Venturi Fetish and Tesla Roadster have recently demonstrated excellent performance and range, and are used in most of the mass production models launched since December 2010.
In December 2015, several electric vehicles around the city, municipal electric cars and electric cars producing highway with utility vans and production lines are available for retail sales, including Tesla Roadster, GEM cars, Buddy, Mitsubishi i MiEV and rebadged version Peugeot iOn and CitroÃÆ'¡n C-Zero, Chery QQ3 EV, JAC J3 EV, Nissan Leaf, Smart ED, Mia electric, BYD e6, Renault Kangoo ZE, BollorÃÆ'Â © Bluecar, Renault Fluence ZE, Ford Focus Electric, BMW ActiveE, Renault Zoe, Mitsubishi Spark EV, Fiat 500e, BMW i3, Volkswagen e-Ups, Nissan e-NV200, Volkswagen e-Ups, Nissan e-NV200, Volkswagen e-Up, Nissan e-NV200, Volkswagen e- Golf, Mercedes-Benz Electric B-Class Drivers, Kia Soul EV, BYD e5, and Tesla Model X. The world's largest commercial electric car selling the car is Nissan Leaf, released in December 2010, with global sales of over 250,000 units through December 2016. Tesla Model S, at release in June 2012, ranked se se with global sales of more than 158,000 cars shipped in December 2016. The Renault Kangoo Z.E. utility van is a lightweight all-electric segment leader with global sales of 25,205 units by December 2016.
Solar
The solar car is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels in the car. The current solar panels can not be used to directly supply cars with the appropriate amount of power currently, but they can be used to extend the range of electric vehicles. They race in competitions like the World Solar Challenge and North American Solar Challenges. These events are often sponsored by Government agencies such as the US Department of Energy who wish to promote the development of alternative energy technologies such as solar cells and electric vehicles. Such challenges are often incorporated by universities to develop their engineering and technological expertise as well as motor vehicle manufacturers such as GM and Honda.
The North American Solar Challenge is a solar car race in North America. Originally called Sunrayce, organized and sponsored by General Motors in 1990, its name was changed to the American Solar Challenge in 2001, sponsored by the US Department of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Teams from universities in the United States and Canada compete in long-distance tests of endurance and efficiency, driving thousands of miles on regular highways.
Nuna is the name of a series of manned solar powered vehicles that won the World Solar Solar challenge in Australia three times in a row, in 2001 (Nuna 1 or just Nuna), 2003 (Nuna 2) and 2005 (Nuna 3). The Nuna was built by students of Delft University of Technology.
The solar challenge of the world is solar-powered car racing over 3,021 kilometers (1,877 mi) through central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. The race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are deployed by universities or companies even though some are deployed by high school.
Trev (a two-seat renewable energy vehicle) is designed by staff and students at the University of South Australia. Trev was first shown in the World Challenge Challenge 2005 as a light and efficient commuter car concept. With 3 wheels and a mass of about 300 kg, the prototype car has a maximum speed of 120 km/h and acceleration 0-100 km/h in about 10 seconds. Trev's operating expenses are projected at less than 1/10 of the cost of running a small gasoline car.
Dimethyl ether fuel
Dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising fuel in diesel engines, gasoline engines (30% DME/70% LPG), and gas turbines due to high cetane numbers, ie 55, compared to diesel, ie 40-53. Only moderate modifications are required to convert a diesel engine to burn DME. The simplicity of this short carbon chain compound leads during combustion to very low particulate matter emissions, NO x , CO. For this reason as well as sulfur-free, DME meets even the most stringent emission regulations. in Europe (EURO5), US (US 2010), and Japan (2009 Japan). The car uses DME in the process of methanol to gasoline.
DME is being developed as a second generation synthetic biofuel (BioDME), which can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Currently the EU is considering BioDME in its potential biofuel mix by 2030; Volvo Group is the coordinator for the European Community's Seventh Framework Program project, BioDME, in which BioDME Chemrec pilot plant based on black liquor gasification is almost completed in PiteÃÆ' ¥, Sweden.
Ammonia-fueled vehicles
Ammonia is produced by combining hydrogen gas with nitrogen from the air. Large-scale ammonia production uses natural gas as a source of hydrogen. Ammonia was used during World War II to drive buses in Belgium, and in power and energy applications before 1900. Liquid ammonia also triggered the XLR99 Reaction Motors rocket engine, which propelled the X-15 hypersonic research aircraft. Although not as powerful as other fuels, it does not leave the soot in a reusable rocket engine and its density is roughly corresponding to the oxidizing density, liquid oxygen, which simplifies the design of the aircraft.
Ammonia has been proposed as a practical alternative to fossil fuels for internal combustion engines. The value of ammonia calories is 22.5 MJ/kg (9690 BTU/lb), which is about half of the diesel. In a normal machine, where moisture is not condensed, the ammonia calorie value will be about 21% smaller than this number. It can be used on existing machines with only slight modifications to the carburetor/injector.
If it is produced from coal, CO 2 can be easily sequestered (combustion products are nitrogen and water).
Ammonia or ammonia machines, using ammonia as working fluids, have been proposed and sometimes used. The principle is similar to that used in locomotives that do not vibrate, but with ammonia as a working fluid, not steam or compressed air. The ammonia machine was used experimentally in the 19th century by Goldsworthy Gurney in England and on the tram in New Orleans. In 1981 a Canadian company converted the 1981 Chevrolet Impala to operate using ammonia as a fuel.
Ammonia and GreenNH3 are being used successfully by developers in Canada, because they can run on spark or diesel engines with slight modifications, as well as the only green fuel for electric jet engines, and although their toxicity is no more dangerous than gasoline or LPG. Can be made from renewable electricity, and has half the density of gasoline or diesel can be easily carried in sufficient quantities in the vehicle. In perfect combustion it has no emissions other than nitrogen and moisture. The chemical formula of combustion is 4 NH3 3 O2 -> 2 N2 6 H2O, 75% water is the result.
Biofuels
Bioalcohol and ethanol
The first commercial vehicle to use ethanol as fuel was the Ford Model T, which was manufactured from 1908 to 1927. It was equipped with an adjustable flowing carburetor, enabling the use of gasoline or ethanol, or a combination of both. Other auto manufacturers also provide engines for ethanol fuel use. In the United States, alcoholic fuels are produced on corn-alcohol cobs until the Prohibition criminalizes alcohol production in 1919. The use of alcohol as a fuel for internal combustion engines, either alone or in combination with other fuels, expires until the 1970- an. Furthermore, additional attention is attributed to the possibility of long-term and economic benefits over fossil fuels.
Both ethanol and methanol have been used as automotive fuel. While both can be obtained from petroleum or natural gas, ethanol has attracted more attention because it is considered a renewable resource, easily obtained from sugar or starch in plants and other agricultural produce such as wheat, sugar cane, sugar beet or even lactose. Since ethanol occurs in nature every time a yeast occurs to find a sugar solution like ripe fruit, most organisms have evolved to ethanol, while methanol is toxic. Other experiments involve butanol, which can also be produced by plant fermentation. Support for ethanol comes from the fact that it is a biomass fuel, which addresses climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, although these benefits are now highly debated, including fuel vs fuel debate in 2008.
Most modern cars are designed to run with gasoline capable of running with a mixture of 10% to 15% ethanol blended into gasoline (E10-E15). With a small amount of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run at 85% (E85) ethanol concentrations, the maximum set in the United States and Europe due to cold weather during winter, or up to 100% (E100) in Brazil, with warmer climates. Ethanol has almost 34% less energy per volume than gasoline, consequently the fuel economy rating with ethanol blends is significantly lower than with pure gasoline, but this lower energy content is not directly translated into a 34% reduction in mileage, because there are many other variables that affect the performance of certain fuels in a particular machine, and also because ethanol has a higher octane value which is useful for high compression ratio machines.
For this reason, for a pure or high ethanol mixture to appeal to users, the price should be lower than gasoline to compensate for lower fuel economy. As a rule of thumb, Brazilian consumers are often advised by local media to use more alcohol than gasoline in their blends only when ethanol prices are 30% lower or more than gasoline, because ethanol prices are highly fluctuating depending on the yield and seasonal harvest of sugar cane and by region. In the US, and based on the EPA test for all E85 models 2006, the average fuel economy for E85 vehicles was found to be 25.56% lower than unleaded gasoline. EPA-rated US fuel-flexible vehicles today can be considered when making price comparisons, although the E85 has an octane rating of about 104 and can be used instead of premium gasoline. Regional E85 retail prices vary widely across the US, at a more favorable price in the Midwest region, where most corn is grown and ethanol is produced. In August 2008, the average US spread between E85 and gasoline prices was 16.9%, while in Indiana it was 35%, 30% in Minnesota and Wisconsin, 19% in Maryland, 12 to 15% in California, and only 3 % in Utah.. Depending on the ability of the vehicle, the E85 break-even price should normally be between 25 and 30% lower than gasoline.
Reacting to the high oil prices and the growing dependence on imports, in 1975 Brazil launched the Pro-alcool program, a large government subsidized effort to produce ethanol fuels (from sugar cane) and ethanol-powered cars. The only ethanol vehicle was so popular in the 1980s, but it became economically impractical when oil prices fell - and sugar prices rose - by the end of the decade. In May 2003, Volkswagen built for the first time a commercial flexible ethanol fuel car, Gol 1.6 Total Flex. These vehicles were commercially successful and in early 2009 nine other Brazilian manufacturers were producing flexible fuel vehicles: Chevrolet, Fiat, Ford, Peugeot, Renault, Honda, Mitsubishi, Toyota, CitroÃÆ'¡n, and Nissan. The application of flex technology is so fast that flexible fuel cars account for 87.6% of new car sales in July 2008. In August 2008, the fleet of "flexible" and light commercial vehicles has reached 6 million new vehicles sold, representing nearly 19% of all listed light vehicles. The rapid success of "flexible" vehicles, as they were known, was made possible by the existence of 33,000 gas stations with at least one ethanol pump available in 2006, the legacy of the Pro-alcool program.
In the United States, initial support for developing alternative fuels by the government was also a response to the 1973 oil crisis, and later, as a goal to improve air quality. Also, liquid fuels are preferred over gas fuels not only because they have better volumetric energy density but also because they are the most compatible fuels with existing distribution systems and machines, thus avoiding major departures from existing technology and picking up advantage of the vehicle. and fueling infrastructure. California is leading a sustainable alternative search with an interest in methanol. In 1996, the new Ford Taurus FFV was developed, with a model fully capable of running methanol or ethanol mixed with gasoline. This ethanol version of Taurus is the first commercial production of E85 FFV. The momentum of the FFV production program in American car companies continues, though in the late 90s, the emphasis is on the F85 version of FFV, as it is today. Ethanol is preferred over methanol because there is great support in the agricultural community and thanks to government incentive programs and corn-based ethanol subsidies. Sweden also tested the M85 and E85 flexifuel vehicles, but due to agricultural policy, ultimately emphasis was placed on ethanol smelting vehicles.
Biodiesel
The main benefit of diesel combustion engines is they have a 44% fuel burning efficiency; compared to only 25-30% in the best gasoline engines. In addition, diesel has a slightly higher energy density than gasoline. This makes the Diesel engine capable of achieving better fuel economy than gasoline vehicles.
Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters), commercially available in most oil producing countries in the United States. In 2005, it was somewhat more expensive than fossil diesel, although it is still generally produced in relatively small quantities (compared to petroleum products and ethanol). Many farmers who grow vegetable oil use a mixture of biodiesel on tractors and equipment as a matter of policy, to encourage the production of biodiesel and raise public awareness. Sometimes it is easier to find biodiesel in rural areas than in cities. Biodiesel has lower Energy Density than fossil diesel fuel, so biodiesel vehicles are not sufficient to follow the fuel economy of diesel-fueled vehicles, if diesel injection systems are not reset for new fuels. If the injection time is changed to account for higher Cetane biodiesel values, the differences in the economy can be ignored. Because biodiesel contains more oxygen than diesel or vegetable oil, it produces the lowest emissions from diesel engines, and is lower in most emissions than gasoline engines. Biodiesel has a higher lubrication than mineral diesel and is an additive in European diesel pumps to reduce lubrication and emissions.
Some diesel-powered cars can run with little modification on 100% pure vegetable oil. Vegetable oil tends to thicken (or solidify if it is cooking oil), in cold weather conditions so that vehicle modifications (two tank systems with start/stop diesel tanks), it is important to heat the fuel before it is used in many situations.. Heating to a cooling engine temperature reduces the viscosity of the fuel, to a range cited by the manufacturer of the injection system, to systems prior to 'common rail' or 'injection unit (VW PD)' systems. Waste vegetable oil, especially if it has been used for a long time, can become hydrogenated and increase the acidity. This can cause fuel thickening, gumming on the engine and acid damage to the fuel system. Biodiesel does not have this problem, because it is chemically processed into a neutral PH and low viscosity. Modern low-emission diesel engines (most often Euro-3 and -4 compliant), typical of current production in the European industry, will require extensive modification of injector systems, pumps and seals etc. due to higher operating pressure, designed thinner (heated ) diesel minerals than before, for atomization, if they use pure vegetable oil as fuel. Vegetable oil fuels are not suitable for these vehicles as they are currently manufactured. This reduces the market due to the increasing number of new vehicles that can not use it. However, the German company Elsbett has succeeded in producing a single tank oil tank oil system for decades, and has worked with Volkswagen on their TDI machines. This suggests that it is technologically possible to use vegetable oil as a fuel in high efficiency/low emission diesel engines.
Greasestock is an annual event held in Yorktown Heights, New York, and is one of the largest vehicle fairs that use waste oil as a biofuel in the United States.
Biogas
Compressed biogas can be used for internal combustion engines after refining raw gas. The removal of H2O, H2S and particles can be seen as the standard of producing gas that has the same quality as Compressed Natural Gas. The use of biogas is very attractive for climates where heat exhaust power plants biogas powered can not be used during the summer.
Charcoal
In the 1930s, Tang Zhongming made discoveries using abundant charcoal sources for the Chinese car market. The charcoal-fueled car was then used intensively in China, serving soldiers and aviators after the escape of World War II.
Compressed natural gas (CNG)
High pressure natural gas pressure, mainly composed of methane, used for fuel combustion engines instead of normal gasoline. Methane burning produces at least CO 2 of all fossil fuels. Gasoline cars can be fitted to CNG and become bifuel Natural gas vehicles (NGVs) as stored gasoline tanks. The driver can switch between CNG and gasoline during operation. Natural gas vehicles (NGVs) are very popular in areas or countries where natural gas is abundant. The widespread use began in the Italian Po River Basin, and later became very popular in New Zealand in the eighties, although its use has declined.
In December 2012, there were 17.8 million natural gas vehicles worldwide, led by Iran with 3.30 million, followed by Pakistan (2.79 million), Argentina (2.29 million), Brazil (1.75 million ), China (1.58 million) and India (1.5 million). In 2010, the Asia-Pacific region led the global market with 54% share. In Europe they are popular in Italy (730,000), Ukraine (200,000), Armenia (101,352), Russia (100,000) and Germany (91,500), and they become more like various manufacturers producing factory-made cars, buses, vans and heavy vehicles. In the United States, the CNG-powered buses are a favorite choice of several public transport agencies, with an estimated fleet of about 130,000 CNG buses. Other countries where CNG-powered buses are very popular include India, Australia, Argentina and Germany.
CNG vehicles are common in South America, where these vehicles are mainly used as taxis in major cities of Argentina and Brazil. Typically, standard gasoline vehicles are installed in specialty stores, involving the installation of gas tubes in the trunk and CNG and electronic injection systems. The GNV Brazil fleet is concentrated in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Pike Research reports that nearly 90% of BBG vehicles in Latin America have bi-fuel engines, allowing these vehicles to run with gasoline or CNG.
In 2006, FIAT subsidiary of Brazil introduced Fiat Siena Tetra fuel, four fuel cars developed under Magneti Marelli from Fiat Brazil. This car can run on 100% ethanol (E100), E25 (usual gasoline ethanol gasoline mixture), pure gasoline (not available in Brazil), and natural gas, and switch from gasoline-ethanol to CNG mix automatically, depending on power required by road conditions. Another option is to retrofit flexible ethanol fuel vehicles to add natural gas tanks and appropriate injection systems. Several taxis in SÃÆ'Â £ Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, run this option, allowing users to choose between three fuels (E25, E100 and CNG) according to the current market price at the pump. This adaptation vehicle is known in Brazil as a "tri-fuel" car.
HCNG or Enriched Hydrogen Compressed Natural Gas for car use is projected at the hydrogen station.
Formic acid
Formic acid is used by converting it first into hydrogen, and using it in a fuel cell. Formic acid is much easier to store than hydrogen.
Hydrogen
A hydrogen car is a car that uses hydrogen as its main source of power for propulsion. These cars generally use hydrogen in one of two methods: combustion or conversion of fuel cells. In combustion, hydrogen "burned" in a machine is essentially the same method as a traditional gasoline car. In the conversion of fuel cells, hydrogen is converted into electricity through a fuel cell which then drives an electric motor. By any method, the only by-product of hydrogen spent is water, but during combustion with NOx air can be produced.
Honda introduced a fuel cell vehicle in 1999 called FCX and has since introduced the second generation FCX ​​Clarity. Limited Marketing Clarity FCX, based on the 2007 concept model, began in June 2008 in the United States, and was introduced in Japan in November 2008. FCX Clarity â € <â € A small number of prototype hydrogen cars currently exist, and a large amount of research is underway to make technology more viable. A common internal combustion engine, usually triggered with gasoline (gasoline) or diesel fluid, can be converted to run in hydrogen gas. However, the most efficient use of hydrogen involves the use of fuel cells and electric motors rather than traditional machines. Hydrogen reacts with oxygen in the fuel cell, which generates electricity to power the motor. One of the key areas of research is hydrogen storage, to try to increase the range of hydrogen vehicles while reducing the weight, energy consumption, and storage system complexity. The two main methods of storage are hydride and metal compression. Some believe that hydrogen cars will not be economical and the emphasis on this technology is a diversion from the development and popularization of more efficient hybrid cars and other alternative technologies. A study by The Carbon Trust for the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change shows that hydrogen technology has the potential to deliver UK transport with near-zero emissions while reducing dependence on imported oil and restrictions on renewable generation. However, technology faces very difficult challenges, in terms of cost, performance, and policy. Buses, trains, PHB bikes, canal boats, cargo bikes, golf carts, motorcycles, wheelchairs, boats, airplanes, submarines and rockets can already run on hydrogen, in various forms. NASA uses hydrogen to launch Space Transports into space. Toy model cars that work using solar power, use regenerative fuel cells to store energy in the form of hydrogen and oxygen gas. This can then convert the fuel back into water to release the sun's energy. Hydrogen Car Burning Clean Energy BMW has more power and faster than hydrogen fuel cell electric car. The production of the limited series of Saloon 7 Series was announced beginning in late 2006. The hydrogen hydrogen prototype (H2R) using this model driveline broke the speed record for hydrogen cars at 300 km/h (186 mi/h), making the automotive history. Mazda has developed a Wankel engine to burn hydrogen. Wankel uses the operating rotary principle, so hydrogen burns in different parts of the engine from the intake. This reduces pre-detonation, a problem with a hydrogen-fueled piston engine. Other big car companies like Daimler, Chrysler, Honda, Toyota, Ford and General Motors, invest in hydrogen fuel cells instead. VW, Nissan, and Hyundai/Kia also have prototype fuel cell vehicles on the road. In addition, transit agencies around the world run prototype fuel cell buses. Fuel cell vehicles, such as the new Honda Clarity, can reach up to 70 miles (110 km) with one kilogram of hydrogen. Hyundai ix35 FCEV fuel cell vehicles are available for rental in the US. In 2014, a total of 54 units are leased. Toyota Mirai's sales to government and corporate customers began in Japan on December 15, 2014. Toyota delivered the first market place Mirai to the Prime Minister's Official Residence and announced to get 1,500 orders in Japan within a month after sales began against a sales target of 400 to 12 months. Shipments to retail customers begin in California in October 2015. A total of 57 units are shipped between October and November 2015. Toyota is scheduled to release Mirai in Northeastern States in the first half of 2016. The market launch in Europe is scheduled for September 2015. Car liquid nitrogen
Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is an energy storage method. Energy is used to liquefy air, and then LN2 is produced by evaporation, and is distributed. LN2 is exposed to ambient heat in the car and the resulting nitrogen gas can be used to power a piston or turbine engine. The maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from LN2 is 213 Watt-hours per kg (W Â · h/kg) or 173 WÃ, Â · h per liter, where a maximum of 70 W Â · h/kg can be used with an isothermal expansion process. Such vehicles with 350 liter (93 gallon) tanks can reach the same range as gasoline-powered vehicles with 50 liter (13 gallon) tanks. The theoretical future machine, using a cascading topping cycle, can increase this to about 110 W Â · h/kg with a quasi-isothermal expansion process. The advantages are zero harmful emissions and superior energy density compared to Compressed-air vehicles as well as being able to recharge the tank in minutes.
Liquefied natural gas is a natural gas that has been cooled to a point where it becomes a cryogenic liquid. In this liquid state, natural gas is more than 2 times denser than high compressed CNG. The LNG fuel system works on every vehicle capable of burning natural gas. Unlike CNG, which is stored at high pressure (usually 3000 or 3600 psi) and then set to a lower pressure acceptable to the engine, LNG is stored at low pressure (50 to 150 psi) and is only vaporized by a heat exchanger prior to entering the device metering fuel to the engine. Due to its high energy density compared to CNG, it is perfect for those who are interested in long distance while walking in natural gas.
In the United States, the LNG supply chain is the main thing that holds this fuel source from rapid growth. The LNG supply chain is very analogous to diesel or gasoline. First, natural gas pipes are liquefied in large quantities, which are analogous to purification of gasoline or diesel. Later, the LNG is transported through the semi-trailer to the fuel station where it is stored in a large tank until it is discharged into the vehicle. CNG, on the other hand, requires expensive compression at each station to fill the high pressure cylinder cascade.
Autogas (LPG)
LPG or liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture of low pressure gas consisting mainly of propane and butane burning in a conventional gasoline combustion engine with less CO 2 than gasoline. Gasoline cars can be fitted to LPG aka Autogas and become bifuel vehicles as fixed gas tanks. You can switch between LPG and gasoline during the operation. An estimated 10 million vehicles operate worldwide.
There were 17,473 million LPG-powered vehicles worldwide in December 2010, and the leading countries were Turkey (2,394 million vehicles), Poland (2.325 million), and South Korea (2.3 million). In the US, 190,000 vehicles on the road use propane, and 450,000 forklifts use it for power. Though it is banned in Pakistan (December 2013) because it is considered a risk to public safety by OGRA.
Hyundai Motor Company started sales of Elantra LPI Hybrid in South Korea's domestic market in July 2009. Elantra LPI (Liquefied Petroleum Injected) is the world's first hybrid electric vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine built to run on liquid gas fuel (LPG) as fuel.
Steam
Steam cars are cars that have steam engines. Wood, coal, ethanol, or other can be used as fuel. Fuel is burned in the boiler and heat turns water into steam. When the water turns into steam, it expands. Expansion creates pressure. Pressure pushes the piston back and forth. It converts the rear axle to rotate the wheel forward. It works like a coal-fired steam train, or steamship. Steam cars are the next logical step in independent transportation.
The steam car takes a long time to start, but some can reach speeds of over 100 mph (161 km/h) eventually. The Doble Steam Cars final model can be brought to operational conditions in less than 30 seconds, has high speed, and acceleration is fast, but the price is very expensive.
A steam engine uses an external combustion, compared to internal combustion. Gasoline-powered cars are more efficient with an efficiency of about 25-28%. In theory, the combined cycle steam engine in which the first fuel is used to drive a gas turbine can produce an efficiency of 50% to 60%. However, practical examples of steam-engined cars work only about 5-8% efficiency.
The most famous and best-selling steam-powered car is Stanley Steamer. It used a compact fire tube boiler under the hood to power a simple two-piston engine that connects directly to the rear axle. Before Henry Ford introduced a monthly payday financing with great success, cars were usually bought outright. This is why Stanley remains simple; to keep the purchase price affordable.
The steam generated in the refrigerant can also be used by turbines in other types of vehicles to generate electricity, which can be used in electric motors or stored in batteries.
Steam power can be combined with standard oil-based engines to create hybrids. Water is injected into the cylinder after fuel is burned, when the piston is still superheated, often at a temperature of 1500 degrees or more. Water will be immediately evaporated into steam, utilizing the heat that should be wasted.
Wood gas
The wood gas can be used to drive the car with a regular internal combustion engine if a wooden gasifier is installed. It was quite popular during World War II in some European and Asian countries because the war prevented easy and cost-effective access to oil.
Herb Hartman of Woodward, Iowa is currently driving a wood-fired Cadillac. He claims to have installed a gasifier to Cadillac for just $ 700. Hartman claims, "A full hopper will travel about fifty miles depending on how you drive it," and he adds that separating wood is "labor intensive.
Multiple sources of fuel
Flexible fuel
Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) or dual fuel vehicles (DFF) are alternative fuel cars or light duty trucks with multifuel engines that can use more than one fuel, usually mixed in the same tank, and the mixture is burned together. These vehicles are daily called flex-fuel , or flexifuel in Europe, or just flex in Brazil. FFV is distinguished from bi-fuel vehicles, in which two fuels are stored in separate tanks. The most common commercial FFV available on the world market is fuel-ethanol flexible vehicles, with the main markets concentrated in the United States, Brazil, Sweden, and several other European countries. In addition to flexible fuel-run vehicles with ethanol, in the US and Europe there is a successful test program with a flex-fuel methanol vehicle, known as M85 FFV, and recently there have also been successful tests using p-series fuels with E85 flex vehicle fuel, but as of June 2008, this fuel is not yet available to the general public.
Flexible ethanol-fueled vehicles have standard gasoline engines capable of running with ethanol and gasoline mixed in the same tank. This mixture has an "E" number that describes the percentage of ethanol in the mixture, for example, E85 is 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. (See common ethanol fuel mixture for more information.) Although technology exists to allow FFV ethanol to run on any mixture up to E100, in the US and Europe, flexible fuel vehicles are optimized to run on E85. This limit is set to avoid cold initial problems during very cold weather. Alcohol content may decrease during winter, up to E70 in the US or to E75 in Sweden. Brazil, with a warmer climate, develops vehicles that can run on any blend to the E100, although the E20-E25 is the mandatory minimum mix, and no pure gasoline is sold in the country.
Approximately 48 million cars, motorcycles and light duty trucks are produced and sold worldwide by mid 2015, and are concentrated in four markets, Brazil (29.5 million by mid 2015), United States (17.4 million by the end of 2014) Canada (1.6 million in 2014), and Sweden (243,100 through December 2014). Brazil's flexible fuel fleet includes over 4 million flexible fuel motorcycles manufactured from 2009 to March 2015. In Brazil, 65% of flexible fuel car owners use ethanol fuel regularly in 2009, while the actual number of American FFVs run at E85 is much lower; a survey conducted in the US found that 68% of American flexible fuel car owners did not know they had the E85 flex. This is thought to be caused by a number of factors, including:
- The emergence of flexible and non-flexible fuel vehicles is identical;
- There is no price difference between pure gasoline-loaded vehicles and their flexible fuel variants;
- Lack of consumer awareness about flexible fuel vehicles;
- Lack of flexible fuel vehicle promotions by American car makers, who often do not label cars or market them in the same way as hybrid cars
In contrast, automakers who sell FFVs in Brazil generally put badges that advertise cars as flexible fuel vehicles. In 2007, a new FFV model sold in the US was requested to display a yellow gas cap adorned with the label "E85/gasoline", to remind the driver of the flex-fuel capabilities of the car. The use of E85 in the US is also affected by the relatively low number of E85 gas stations operating throughout the country, with more than 1,750 in August 2008, most of which are concentrated in the Corn Belt states, led by Minnesota with 353 stations, followed by Illinois with 181, and Wisconsin with 114. In comparison, there are about 120,000 stations providing regular non-ethanol gasoline in the United States alone.
There are claims that American carmakers are motivated to produce fuel-flexible vehicles due to a loophole in the requirements of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE), which gives automakers "fuel economy credit" for every flexible vehicle sold, whether or not. not a vehicle actually burned with E85 in regular use. This gap allegedly allows the US auto industry to meet CAFE's fuel economy targets not by developing more fuel-efficient models, but by spending between US $ 100 and US $ 200 extra per vehicle to produce a number of flexible fuel models, allowing them to continue to sell fewer fuel-efficient vehicles such as SUVs, which result in higher profit margins than smaller and more fuel-efficient cars.
In the United States, the E85 FFV is equipped with a sensor that automatically detects the fuel mixture, indicating the ECU to set spark timing and fuel injection so that the fuel will burn cleanly in the vehicle's internal combustion engine. Initially, sensors are installed in fuel lines and exhaust systems; Newer models eliminate fuel line sensors. Another feature of older flexible fuel cars is a separate gasoline storage tank used to power the car on cold days, when ethanol blends make ignition more difficult.
Modern Brazilian fuel-flexible technology allows FFV to run any mixture between E20-E25 gasohol and E100 ethanol fuel, using a lambda probe to measure combustion quality, which informs the engine control unit for the exact composition of the mixed-gasoline. This technology, developed by Bosch subsidiaries in Brazil in 1994, was further enhanced and commercially applied in 2003 by the Italian subsidiary Magneti Marelli, known as "Software Fuel Sensor". The Brazilian subsidiary Delphi Automotive Systems developed a similar technology, known as "Multifuel", based on research conducted at its facility at Piracicaba, SÃÆ'Â £ Paulo. This technology allows the controller to adjust the amount of fuel injected and spark time, since the fuel flow should be reduced to avoid detonation due to the high compression ratio (about 12: 1) used by flexible fuel engines.
The first flex motor was launched by Honda in March 2009. Produced by its subsidiary in Brazil, Moto Honda and AmazÃÆ'Â'nia, CG 150 Titan Mix sold for around US $ 2,700. Because the motorcycle does not have a secondary gas tank for cold start like a Brazilian flexible car, the tank must have at least 20% gasoline to avoid starting problems at temperatures below 15Ã, Â ° C (59Ã, Â ° F). The motorcycle panel includes a gauge to alert the driver about the actual ethanol-gasoline mixture in the storage tank.
Hybrids
Hybrid electric vehicle
Hybrid vehicles use multiple propulsion systems to provide propulsion. The most common type of hybrid vehicle is a gasoline-electric hybrid vehicle, which uses gasoline (petrol) and electric batteries for energy used to power internal combustion engines (ICE) and electric motors. These motors are usually relatively small and will be considered "underpowered" by themselves, but they can provide a normal driving experience when used in combination during acceleration and other maneuvers that require greater power.
The Toyota Prius was first sold in Japan in 1997 and sold worldwide since 2000. In 2017 the Prius is sold in more than 90 countries and territories, with Japan and the United States as its largest market. In May 2008, global cumulative Prius sales reached 1 million units, and in September 2010, the Prius achieved worldwide cumulative sales of 2 million units, and 3 million units in June 2013. Since January 2017, global hybrid sales led by the Family The Prius, with a cumulative sales of 6,0361 million units, does not include its plug-in hybrid variant. Toyota Prius liftback is the leading model of the Toyota brand with cumulative sales of 3.985 million units, followed by Toyota Aqua/Prius c, with global sales of 1.380 million units, Prius v/?/With 671,200, Camry Hybrid with 614,700 units, Toyota Auris with 378,000 units, and Toyota Yaris Hybrid with 302,700. The best-selling Lexus model is the Lexus RX 400h/RX 450h with global sales of 363,000 units.
Honda Insight is a two-seat hybrid hatchback car manufactured by Honda. This is the first mass-produced hybrid car sold in the United States, introduced in 1999, and produced until 2006. Honda introduced the second generation Insight in Japan in February 2009, and the new Insight went on sale in the United States in April. 22, 2009. Honda also offers Honda Civic Hybrid since 2002.
In January 2017, there are more than 50 hybrid electric car models available in several world markets, with more than 12 million hybrid electric vehicles being sold worldwide since their inception in 1997. Since April 2016, Japan was ranked as the market leader with more than 5 million hybrids were sold, followed by the United States with cumulative sales of over 4 million units since 1999, and Europe with about 1.5 million hybrids shipped since 2000. Japan has the highest hybrid market penetration in the world. In 2013 hybrid market share accounted for more than 30% of new standard passenger cars sold, and about 20% sales of new passenger vehicles including kei cars. The Netherlands ranks second with a hybrid market share of 4.5% of new car sales in 2012.
In January 2017, global sales were carried out by Toyota Motor Company with more than 10 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids sold, followed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd. with a cumulative global sales of over 1.35 million hybrids in June 2014; Ford Motor Corporation with more than 424 thousand hybrids sold in the United States until June 2015, in which, about 10% is a plug-in hybrid; The Hyundai Group with cumulative global sales of 200 thousand hybrids as of March 2014, including Hyundai Motor and Kia Motors hybrid models; and PSA Peugeot CitroÃÆ'Â nn with more than 50,000 diesel-powered hybrids sold in Europe until December 2013.
Elantra LPI Hybrid, launched in South Korea's domestic market in July 2009, is a hybrid vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine built to run on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as fuel. PLI Elantra is the first lightweight hybrids and hybrids to adopt advanced polymer lithium batteries (Li-Poly).
Hybrid electric plug-in vehicle
Until 2010 most of the plug-in hybrids on the road in the US are converting from conventional hybrid electric vehicles, and the most prominent PHEVs are the 2004 or later Toyota Prius convertibles, which already have plug-in charging and more added batteries and their electric- only extended range. Chinese battery manufacturer and car maker BYD Auto released F3DM into the Chinese fleet market in December 2008 and began sales to the general public in Shenzhen in March 2010. General Motors started shipping the Chevrolet Volt in the US in December 2010. Shipping to retail customers from Fisker Karma begins at US in November 2011.
During 2012, Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Ford C-Max Energy, and Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid were released. The following models are launched during 2013 and 2015: Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Ford Fusion Energy, McLaren P1 (limited edition), Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid, BYD Qin, Cadillac ELR, BMW i3 REx, BMW i8, Porsche 918 Spyder (limited production), Volkswagen XL1 (limited production), Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, Volkswagen Golf GTE, Mercedes-Benz S 500 e, Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid, Mercedes-Benz C 350 e, BYD Tang, Volkswagen Passat GTE, Volvo XC90 T8, BMW X5 xDrive40e, Hyundai Sonata PHEV, and Volvo S60L PHEV.
By December 2015, some 500,000 hybrid plug-in hybrid electric cars that can be used on the highway have been sold worldwide since December 2008, out of a total global cumulative sales of 1.2 million lightweight plug-in electric vehicles. In December 2016, the Volt/Ampera hybrid plug-in family, with a combined sales of around 134,500 units, is the world's best-selling plug-in hybrid. The next rank is Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV with around 119,500, and Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid with nearly 78,000.
Pedal-powered hybrid vehicles powered by Pedal
In very small vehicles, demand for power decreases, so that manpower can be used to make significant improvements in battery life. Two commercially made vehicles are Sinclair C5 and TWIKE.
Assessment of fossil and alternative fuels
According to the latest comparative and environmental analysis of the final use of vehicle fuels (petroleum and natural gas & hydrogen derivatives, ethanol and biodiesel biofuels, and their mixtures, as well as electricity intended for use in plug-in electric vehicles), unit energy costs renewable and nonrenewable and CO 2 emission costs are the appropriate indicators for assessing the intensity of renewable energy consumption and environmental impact, and for measuring the transport thermodynamic performance. This analysis enables the energy conversion process ratings along the vehicle fuel production routes and their end uses, so that the best options for the transport sector can be determined and better energy policies can be issued. Thus, if drastic CO2 emissions reductions from the transport sector are pursued, more intensive use of ethanol in the mixed transport sector of Brazil is recommended. However, due to the overall exergy conversion efficiency of the sugar industry is still very low, which increases the energy costs of ethanol units, better production and end-use technology is required. Nevertheless, with the current scenario of Brazil's renewable electric mix, based on over 80% of renewable sources, these sources consolidate as the most promising energy source to reduce the large amount of greenhouse gas emissions responsible for the transport sector.
See also
- Alternative Fuel Training Consortium
- Alternative to car
- Butanol fuel
- Clean City
- Machine control unit changed to optimize running on different fuels
- Green vehicle
- Hydrogen vehicle
- List of hybrid vehicles
- The solar-powered vehicle
- The Hype on Hydrogen
- A water-fueled car
- Jack Talbert (Evaporation)
References
External links
- Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of US Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Current Economic Assessment of Technology (2015) and the Future (2025-2030) (including estimated GHG costs avoided emissions from various AFV technologies), Argonne National Laboratory, June 2016.
- Clean Cities - Vehicle Buyers Guide 2014, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), US Department of Energy program, Clean Cities. December 2013.
- EERE:
- Alternative Fuels for Cars - Infographics
- Alternative Fuel Price Report.
- US. Alternative Fuel Station.
- The Green Car Guide
- Popular Mechanics explains the pros and cons of various alternative fuels and what the future looks like for each.
- Powering Ahead - The future of cars and low-carbon fuels, the RAC Foundation and the British Petroleum Industry Association, April 2013.
- Questions and Answers about Trev., UniSA, Information Technology, Engineering, and Environment Division.
- Sustainable Green Fleets Dissemination of EU-sponsored projects for alternative and alternative fueling cars
- Transition to Alternative Vehicles and Fuel, National Academy of Sciences (2013), ISBN 978-0-309-26852-3
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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